STEM 365

This is an on-going project to build a list of 365 men that have made outstanding contributions in a STEM field other than in the development or use of weapons. All birth dates listed are in the Gregorian Calendar even if this calendar was not in use at the time and location of their birth. In some cases birth dates may be approximate. Names on the list may be replaced if better candidates are discovered.

Day	Month	Year	Name	Notes
1	January	1894	Satyendra Nath Bose	Physicist. Polymath. Collaborated with Albert Einstein to establish Bose-Einstein statistics, which is fundamental to modern physics.
2	January	1941	Donald B. Keck	Invented optical fiber.
3	January	1906	William Wilson Morgan	Established that the Milky Way galaxy has spiral arms and co-developed stellar luminosity classes.
4	January	1809	Louis Braille	Developed Braille writing, now widely used by people with sight impairment.
5	January	1909	Stephen Cole Kleene	Mathematician. His work underpins theoretical computer science.
6	January	1906	Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier	Co-developed the hot-air balloon with his brother Jacques Étienne Montgolfier.
7	January	1871	Émile Borel	Mathematician. Made important contributions to probability theory and was an early researcher in game theory.
8	January	1942	Stephen Hawking	World famous and influential astrophysicist and cosmologist.
9	January	1950	Alec Jeffreys	Geneticist. Discovered how to DNA fingerprint individual humans. This has been used to exonerate many who have been falsely accused.
10	January	1911	Norman Heatley	Biochemist. Developed a method of mass producing penicillin resulting in its wide availability.
11	January	1887	Aldo Leopold	Prominent early environmentalist.
12	January	1579	Jan Baptista van Helmont	Coined the term 'gas' and was the first to establish the existence of gasses other than air.
13	January	1864	Wilhelm Wien	Prolific physicist. Significantly advanced the understanding of heat. Discovered the proton.
14	January	1801	Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart	Considered to be the founder of modern paleobotany.
15	January	1785	William Prout	Various discoveries. Advanced understanding of atomic physics. His work influenced the naming of the proton by Ernest Rutherford.
16	January	1477	Johannes Schöner	Mathematician, astronomer and geographer. Early and influential globe-maker.
17	January	1706	Benjamin Franklin	Polymath.
18	January
19	January	1736	James Watt	Engineer and inventor. Watt's steam engine contributed substantially to the industrial revolution.
20	January	1775	André-Marie Ampère	Significant advancements in electromagnetism.
21	January	1843	Émile Levassor	Significant contributions to the development of the modern automobile.
22	January	1908	Lev Davidovich Landau	Made significant contributions to theoretical physics. Received 1962 Nobel prize for physics.
23	January	1862	David Hilbert	Distinguished mathematician.
24	January	1955	Alan Sokal	Physicist. Critical of postmodernism. Responsible for the Sokal affair.
25	January
26	January
27	January
28	January
29	January
30	January
31	January
1	February
2	February
3	February
4	February	1943	Kenneth Lane Thompson	Co-developed the UNIX operating system which revolutionised computing.
8	February	1834	Dmitri Mendeleev	Chemist and Inventor. Formulated the Periodic Law.
9	February	1846	Wilhelm Maybach	Engineer. Pioneer in the development of the automobile.
12	February	1809	Charles Darwin	Established the idea of evolution through natural selection.
15	February	1564	Galileo Galilei	Polymath.
18	February	1745	Alessandro Volta	Credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.
19	February	1943	Nicolaus Copernicus	Polymath. Known for astronomy.
20	February	1844	Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann	Founded the field of statistical mechanics. Proposed the Boltzmann brain thought experiment.
27	February	1899	Charles Best	Co-discoverer of insulin.
28	February	1901	Linus Pauling	Chemist, Biochemist, Chemical Engineer.
3	March	1847	Alexander Graham Bell	Prolific inventor.
4	March	1847	Carl Josef Bayer	Developed the process to cheaply extract Aluminium from Bauxite.
7	March	1788	Antoine César Becquerel	Pioneer in the study of electric and luminescent phenomena.
9	March	1934	Yuri Gagarin	First person to travel in to space.
11	March	1926	Thomas Starzl	Pioneered organ transplantation.
12	March	1838	William Henry Perkin	Discovered the first synthetic dye. This revolutionised the clothing industry and even reduced the demand for slaves.
14	March	1879	Albert Einstein	Mathematician. Proposed both special and general relativity. His work helped to establish quantum mechanics even though he always rejected it.
15	March
16	March	1953	Richard Stallman	Founded the Free Software Foundation and was a major figure in the establishment of Free and open-source software.
17	March
18	March	1858	Rudolf Diesel	Invented the Diesel engine.
23	March	1913	Paul Erdős	Mathematician. Known for living an itinerant lifestyle in his later years in which he travelled the world and collaborated with world-class mathematicians on solving extremely difficult problems. Continues to be remembered in the Erdős Number.
24	March	1820	Edmond Becquerel	Discovered the photovoltaic effect.
29	March	1821	William Lyman	Credited with inventing the rotating wheel can opener.
31	March	1596	René Descartes	Philosopher, mathematician and scientist.
1	April	1578	William Harvey	First to accurately describe how blood circulates in the body.
5	April	1827	Joseph Lister	Pioneer of antiseptic surgery.
9	April	1806	Isambard Kingdom Brunel	Prolific engineer & inventor.
15	April	1452	Leonardo da Vinci	Polymath.
16	April	1867	Wilbur Wright	Early innovator in aeronautics alongside his brother Orville.
21	April	1909	Józef Kosacki	Invented the first portable mine detector.
22	April	1946	Paul Davies	Prolific physicist.
23	April	1858	Max Planck	Founder of quantum theory.
28	April	1906	Kurt Gödel
29	April
30	April	1777	Carl Friedrich Gauss	Mathematician and physicist that made significant contributions in both fields.
8	May	1786	Thomas Hancock	Invented the masticator, a machine used to recycle and reshape rubber scraps. This technology resulted in many new uses for rubber.
11	May	1918	Richard Feynman	Prolific physicist. Developed Feynman Diagrams.
15	May	1859	Pierre Curie
17	May	1749	Edward Jenner
22	May	1814	Joseph-Louis Lambot	Co-inventor of Ferro-cement along with Joseph Monier.
23	May	1707	Carl Linnaeus	Early and influential ecologist.
24	May	1544	William Gilbert	Significantly advanced early understanding of magnetism. Discovered that the Earth itself is a magnet.
1	June	1907	Frank Whittle	Invented the Turbojet engine.
8	June	1916	Tim Berners-Lee	Developed the World Wide Web.
9	June	1781	George Stephenson	Engineer, inventor and pioneer of rail transportation.
10	June	1913	Edward Abraham	Intrumental in the development of early antibiotics.
13	June	1928	John Nash	Fundamental contributor to game theory.
15	June	1915	Fred Hoyle	Formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis - that stars are powered by nuclear fusion. Proponent of panspermia. Coined the term Big Bang as a derogatory term for what was then a new theory.
19	June	1623	Blaise Pascal	Developed probability theory in mathematics.
22	June	1910	Konrad Zuse	Developed the first electronic programmable computer.
23	June	1912	Alan Turing	Computer Scientist, Mathematician. Developed the theoretical underpinnings of modern computing.
1	July	1646	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz	Polymath.
2	July	1906	Hans Albrecht Bethe	Physicist. Conducted seminal work on quantum mechanics.
3	July	1935	Harrison “Jack” Schmitt	Scientist-Astronaut. Spent three days on the Lunar surface as part of the Apollo 17 mission.
4	July	1883	Rube Goldberg	Engineer & cartoonist. Satirised modern society's preoccupation with technology. Established the concept of the Rube Goldberg machine.
10	July	1856	Nikola Tesla	Prolific inventor.
12	July	1895	Buckminster Fuller	Prolific inventor.
20	July	1822	Gregor Mendel	Founder of the science of Genetics.
22	July	1888	Selman Waksman	Discovered streptomycin, which was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis.
30	July	1863	Henry Ford	Inventing the modern production line. Improvements in automobile engineering.
6	August	1881	Alexander Flemming	Discovered penicillin.
14	August	1777	Hans Oersted	Discovered the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields, an important step paving the way towards the use of electricity.
19	August	1871	Orville Wright	Early innovator in aeronautics alongside his brother Wilbur.
23	August	1769	Georges Cuvier	Founder of Paleontology.
24	August	1918	Ray McIntire	Invented Styrofoam.
26	August	1906	Albert Bruce Sabin	Developed the first oral polio vaccine.
30	August	1871	Ernest Rutherford	Physicist. Established the existence of the atomic nucleus.
6	September	1766	John Dalton	Proposed modern atomic theory.
9	September	1941	Dennis Ritchie	Developed the C programming language and co-developed UNIX. Both revolutionised computing.
16	September	1913	Ermal Cleon "Ernie" Fraze	Invented the pull-tab, also known as the ring pull, used in canned beverages and increasingly canned food.
22	September	1791	Michael Faraday	Prolific and influential scientist.
24	September	1898	Howard Florey	Development of penicillin in to a useful and effective medication.
25	September	1866	Thomas Hunt Morgan	Established the chromosome theory of heredity.
26	September	1754	Joseph-Louis Proust	Found an important result leading to the modern science of chemistry.
27	September	1925	Sir Robert Edwards	Codeveloped in-vitro fertilization (IVF) of the human egg.
29	September	1901	Enrico Fermi	Prolific physicist.
2	October	1852	William Ramsey	Predicted and then discovered each noble gas. Created the world's first Neon light.
5	October	1882	Robert Goddard	Developed the first liquid-fuel rocket.
7	October	1885	Niels Bohr	Eminent Physicist.
16	October	1803	Robert Stephenson	Engineer, inventor, and pioneer of rail transportation.
1	November	1880	Alfred Wegener	Originator of the theory of continental drift.
8	November	1922	Christiaan Barnard	Cardiac surgeon. Performed the world's first human-to-human-heart transplant.
14	November	1891	Frederick Banting	Co-discoverer of insulin.
15	November	1738	William Herschel	Distinguished astronomer. Discovered Uranus.
20	November	1889	Edwin Hubble	Responsible for major advances in astronomy and cosmology.
26	November	1876	Willis Carrier	Invented the air conditioner.
27	November	1701	Anders Celsius	Physicist, astronomer and mathematicians. Brought us the Celsius scale for temperature.
14	December	1546	Tycho Brahe
15	December	1852	Henri Becquerel	Shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie in 1903.
16	December	1917	Arthur C. Clarke	Science fiction writer. Made significant contributions to popularising science.
21	December	1803	Joseph Whitworth	Engineer, Inventor.
22	December	1887	Srinivasa Ramanujan	One of the greatest mathematicians of his time.
23	December
24	December	1938	Bob Kahn	Co-developed TCP/IP with Vint Cerf, paving the way for the modern Internet.
25	December	1642	Sir Isaac Newton	Polymath.
26	December	1791	Charles Babbage	Father of the computer.
27	December	1822	Louis Pasteur
28	December	1903	John von Neumann	Polymath.
29	December	1800	Charles Goodyear	Developed the process for vulcanizing rubber.
30	December	1954	Rodney Allen Brooks	Pioneer in artificial intelligence and robotics. Founded the company that produced the Roomba automated floor cleaner.
31	December	1929	Jeremy Bernstein	Physicist and prolific science educator.

STEM 365 is a draft article and may contain little or no information on the topic but notes are available below.

In lieu of the article, the following is provided:

General Information

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Misandry

Misandry is the hatred of, pathological aversion to, or prejudice against men. The first recorded use of the term dates from the 19th century. At the present time misandry is widespread in Western society but may be in decline.

These days it seems you don't need to look far to see negativity focused at men. What is often known as casual misandry permeates western civilisation where many men and women commonly make negative statements about men without apparently regarding this as a problem or being challenged by anyone else present. This problem has steadily deteriorated and we have now reached the point that books with titles such as Are Men Necessary? When Sexes Collide and The End of Men can be published without significant objection from the wider community.

Negative and inaccurate portrayals of men and boys have permeated mainstream media and online knowledge repositories such as Wikipedia, where the bias is particularly evident. Wikipedia editors routinely write negative commentaries about men and Wikipedia admins protect those commentaries while censoring counter-narratives that might show less biased, more accurate information. This practice is reinforced by feminist editing gangs who congregate in regular 'edit-a-thons' with the sole purpose of increasing feminist ideology within Wikipedia articles, and to censor male-positive discourse and research on men. In a nutshell those in control of Wikipedia have succeeded in deplatforming much reliable information about men and boys.

Issues

The Men's Rights Movement exists to raise awareness of and to address certain problems facing men and boys.

Bodily Autonomy

Female genital mutilation is now illegal in many countries, and international organisations work to reduce this practice. These same societies often refuse to grant boys the same bodily autonomy that they grant girls - the right to be protected from unnecessary medical procedures. The men's rights movement objects to male genital mutilation (also known as circumcision) on the same grounds as female genital mutilation. Both violate the human rights of the individual being mutilated and both should be illegal. In many countries today all individuals have protection from unnecessary medical procedures except for infant boys. That the foreskin is removed in most cases without anesthetic exacerbates the problem.

Many do not know that the foreskins of infant boys are not destroyed as medical waste but are rather put to a variety of uses. While it is true a few are used for medical research the majority go to cosmetic companies. In some countries the sale of foreskins by hospitals is a lucrative business.

We want: Infant boys to have the same protection from medically unnecessary procedures as are extended to the rest of the community.

Disposability

All societies consider men to be disposable. Men are drafted and can be forced in to combat against their will. Men overwhelmingly take on the dangerous jobs in society. In general men are expected to be prepared to give up their life for the good of the community and, specifically, to protect the lives of women. This is so ingrained that few people, men or women, recognise it. Fewer still object to it.

The MRM rejects male disposability in the modern world. While it may have made sense for a society in the past to be prepared to sacrifice it's men for the survival of the society, the MRM holds that this is no longer necessary. With a population exceeding seven billion that might reach 10 or 11 billion in a few decades, we no longer need the ability to quickly recover numbers and so the original reason that male disposability existed is no longer present.

We want: An end to the expectation of male disposability.

Domestic Violence

Today domestic violence is often also called Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). Men constitute between one third and one half of all victims of domestic violence. A similar proportion of domestic violence aggressors are women. In a significant proportion of cases each partner is both a perpetrator and victim of domestic violence. The notion that domestic violence is a gendered issue is simply not supported by the evidence. We object to all domestic violence regardless of the genders of the people involved.

• We want: Recognition from society that domestic violence is not a gendered issue
• We want: Domestic Violence services that properly supports victims regardless of their gender.
• We want: Domestic Violence services that help aggressors regardless of their gender.

Education

The performance of boys in primary and high school education system has been declining for decades. Decades ago boys tended to consistently perform better in primary and high school than girls. Educators set out to change primary and high schooling to improve the results for girls. The problem is that they continued to do this even after it was clear that boys were falling behind.

Education research clearly shows that boys tend to do better in exam assessment and girls tend to do better in in-class assessment. Relative performance in male and female students can be tracked with changing assessment. There has been a clear move away from exams and towards in-class assessment in the last few decades. One notable exception was a recent reversal of this trend in the UK. As expected the performance of boys in the UK improved with the increase in exam assessment.

Increasingly students have less and less time to burn off energy and are expected to sit quietly in the classroom for hours at a time. This is sometimes characterised as the incredible shrinking lunchtime. While this is probably impacting many students negatively the evidence suggests this is generally more of a problem for boys. It is interesting that this should be happening at a time when office workers are entreated to stand and move around more for their long term health.

Alarmingly research shows that in recent years teachers have been academically marking down students with behavioural problems. This has overwhelmingly impacted boys.

The MRM objects to significant gender biases in primary and high school education systems and seeks to reform the system in to one in which boys and girls can benefit.

The problems don't end there. Men have been abandoning the dream of a university education in droves, partly because many university campuses have become very hostile for men. In the US many universities, if a man is accused of sexual assault against a woman he is not afforded council, to know the details of the allegation or even to know the name of his accuser. He then has the onus of proof placed on him. It is not surprisingly that the bulk of such accusation result in the male student being expelled or banned from campus, which generally results in them failing courses.

In most western countries men now constitute less than 40% of university enrollments. While increasing the female participation rates in certain STEM fields is actively promoted there is little interest in addressing the falling university participation rate among men.

• We want: A recognition in primary and high school that, while there is overlap, boys and girls do tend to behave differently as children as a result of physiological differences and for the education system to accommodate both boys and girls in a way that allows all children to thrive.
• We want: A university system that is not hostile to young men.

Father's Rights

The family court system in many countries is heavily biased in favour of mothers. In many countries courts still show a strong preference for granting custody to mothers over fathers. Non-custodial fathers often find themselves with very limited access to their children and routinely find that breaches of court orders by mothers (such as not allowing visits in accordance with court orders) are ignored or receive only a token response from authorities. Many men fight in court for years to get reasonable access to their children, only to give up in dispair when they realise the system has failed them.

• We want: Shared custody arrangements unless compelling reasons exist to show that this is not feasible.
• We want: Sufficient access for parents not living with their children for a parent-child relationship to be maintained.
• We want: Enforcement of family court orders on just terms and fair terms.

Health

Males have higher mortality rates at every age. The difference in life expectancy for men and women actually widened during most of the 20th century, peaking in the 1990s. One significant contributor to this is the far greater amount spent on women's health than men's health.

• We want: Fair allocation of resources to health problems facing men and women.
• We want: Public recognition that both genders need their gender-specific health issues addressed adequately.

State Discrimination

Even when the evidence against men and women are the same men are more likely to be arrested for an offence, more likely to be charged with an offence, more likely to be convicted of an offence, more likely to receive a custodial sentence, and the sentence will on average be longer. Some states openly advocate on this basis. A UK government commission recently advocated the abolition of all women's prisons. One of the advantages, they argued, was that these prisons could then be used to incarcerate more men.

Laws that are written in a gender neutral way are often not applied that way, and this most often is to the detriment of men.

In Canada these is a special offence for a woman who kills her own newborn, that limits the sentence to five years imprisonment. A major children's charity in Canada opposes this, arguing that a newborn should have the same right to protection from violence as any other member of the community. We fully support their position.

• We want: Genuine gender-neutrality in the application of the criminal justice system.

Reproductive Rights

Today men actually lack reproductive rights. Unlike women, in many western countries, men cannot choose not to be a father. In the United States there have been numerous cases in which a boy has had sex with an adult woman. The boy was not legally able to consent to the sexual activity and yet when the woman became pregnant the boy was required to pay child support.

Many men have been ordered by courts to continue supporting a child that is not theirs, even after they present conclusive evidence (such as the results of a DNA test) showing that they are not the biological father of the child, and in some cases had no relationship with the child at all.

• We want: Men to have the same reproductive rights as women.
• We want: Child support payments to be managed by the courts in a fair and just manner.

Suicide

Men and boys have suicide rates several times higher than women and girls. Male suicide rates have grown at a far faster rate than female suicide rates over the last century. While the of high levels of suicide rates among men has gained recognition within the last few years there is still a long way to go in addressing this serious problem.

• We want: Society and government to act to address the underlying causes of the rising suicide rate among men.

Unnecessary Medication

Children, and boys in particular, are being diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and drugged at an alarming rate. This rate has been increasing rapidly in recent years, which is prompting an increase in the sales of drugs to treat the condition. In the United States, for example, sales of ADHD drugs have increased by 89% in four years.

The long term consequences of ADHD medicating on a forming brain are not yet known.

The MRM is concerned that the normal behaviour of many young boys is being considered abnormal and medicated.

This is not to say that all diagnosis for this condition are invalid, but when the diagnosis rate is changing as rapidly as is currently occurring more needs to be done than simply prescribing more drugs.

We want: A proper analysis of why ADHD diagnosis rates are skyrocketing.

Vilification

We live in a society that routinely vilifies masculinity. The TV formula so often seen in sitcoms of a stupid or inept (but often well meaning) man married to a super woman who can solve all of his problems for him by the end of the episode is so common it is almost a cliche. The mass media is full of negative portrays of men. The news media is constantly telling us about negative aspects of masculinity. This has led to a general perception of men as people to be feared and suspected. This had led many airlines to maintain a policy of never seating unaccompanied minors next to men. The implicit assumption here seems to be that the men cannot be trusted next to a child. Many men report feeling uneasy around children, fearful that they will be accused of some terrible act. This is a major cause of men avoiding certain industries, such as childcare.

A series of t-shirts and other products produced in the United States a few years ago suggested Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them. The manufacturers took no regard for the impact their products would have on young minds.

A very concerning problem relates to the distribution of food following disasters. Many relief agencies believe that if food is given to men they will keep it for themselves rather than provide food to their relatives and children. Both the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) and USAID exclude men from food distribution centres on the basis of gender alone. Men and boys may not enter the food distribution centres. Women are permitted to enter and are then expected to distribute the food to their relatives. These organisations claim that special provision is made for families with no female members but they are light on details. It seems unlikely that in the hectic environment of a disaster food distribution centre that the staff would have time to properly investigate the claims of men and boys that they have no women in their family. There is anecdotal evidence to suggest these men and boys are simply excluded from the food distribution.

• We want: An end to the vilification of masculinity in the public sphere.

Violence

Men experience high levels of violence in society and there is very little recognition of this. Men are close to twice as likely to experience violence in public as women, even though it is women (we are so often told) need to be fearful walking alone at night. The rates of rape of males exceeds that of females if prison rape is included in the statistics. Female-on-male violence is an often ignored problem. Some women, having been taught that violence is gendered, simultaneously object to violence against women but feel that violence against men is inconsequential. One often repeated myth is that a woman cannot physically harm a man. The many men injured and killed by women are a testiment to the erroneous nature of this statement.

Society and the government both ignore and marginalise male victims of violence.

• We want: Public recognition that violence against everyone is wrong.