Difference between revisions of "Universal suffrage"
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− | The table below |
+ | The table below lists the year that universal male and universal female suffrage were introduced into various nations at the national level. Sub-national entities such as states, provinces and cities sometimes had entirely different voting qualifications and are not dealt with in this article. The list below is non-exhaustive. |
+ | In general nations that became independent during the 20th or 21st centuries granted universal suffrage to men and women at the same time. In nations that became independent before the 20th century men typically led women by a few years or decades in obtaining suffrage. Even a few decades should be seen as a short period of time given that human political thought has been developing, even conservatively, for 5000 years. |
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− | {| class="wikitable" |
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+ | |||
− | !Jurisdiction||Universal Male Franchise||Universal Female Franchise||Difference (years)||Notes |
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+ | {{Suffrage definition}} |
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+ | |||
+ | {| class="sortable wikitable" |
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+ | !Country |
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+ | !Universal Male Suffrage |
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+ | !Universal Female Suffrage |
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+ | !Difference (years) |
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+ | !class="unsortable"|Notes |
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+ | |Afganistan||1977||1977||0|| |
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− | |Australia||1901||1902||1||During the 1901 federal election women voted if they were entitled to vote in their home state elections. |
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+ | |Algeria||1962||1962||0|| |
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− | |Australia, New South Wales||1858||1902||44|| |
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− | | |
+ | |Argentina||1853||1952||99|| |
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+ | |Armenia||1919||1921||2|| |
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− | |Australia, South Australia||1855||1895||40|| |
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+ | |Austria||1907||1918||11||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1896 despite Austria allowing multiple voting before 1907.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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− | |Australia, Tasmania||1896||1903||7|| |
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+ | |Australia||1901||1902||1||During the 1901 (inaugural) federal election women were eligible to vote if they were eligible to vote in their home state elections. As a result women in South Australia and Western Australia voted in the 1901 election. For Australian states see [[Suffrage in Australia|this article]]. |
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− | |Australia, Victoria||1857||1908||51|| |
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+ | |Azerbaijan||1919||1919||0|| |
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− | |Australia, Western Australia||1893||1899||6|| |
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− | | |
+ | |Bahamas||1958||1961||3|| |
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+ | |Bahrain||1973||1973||0|| |
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− | |Canada||1920||1920||0||Chinese and aboriginals excluded |
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|- |
|- |
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+ | |Belgium||1918||1948||30||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1893 despite men under 25 being unable to vote and multiple voting being permissible until 1918.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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− | |Canada, Alberta|| ||1916|| || |
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− | | |
+ | |Bhutan||2008||2008||0|| |
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− | | |
+ | |Bolivia||1956||1956||0|| |
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+ | |Brazil||1988||1988||0||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to various different definitions. The Old Republic (1889-1930) allowed only limited suffrage. During this period Brazil was under the control of large landholders. From 1930 to 1988 various dictatorships ran Brazil. Genuine democracy was only established in 1988. |
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− | |Canada, Ontario|| || || || |
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+ | |Brunei||-||-||-||Brunei is an absolute monarchy and its citizens have never had the franchise. |
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− | |Canada, Quebec|| ||1940|| || |
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− | | |
+ | |Bulgaria||1945||1945||0|| |
+ | |- |
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+ | |Burma/Myanmar||1990||1990||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Canada||1920||1920||0||Chinese and aborigines were initially excluded regardless of gender. For Canadian provinces see [[Suffrage in Canada|this article]]. |
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|Chile||1970||1970||0|| |
|Chile||1970||1970||0|| |
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− | || |
+ | |Colombia||1936||1954||18|| |
+ | |- |
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+ | |Czechia||1896||1918||22||As the First Czechoslovak Republic. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Denmark||1915||1915||0||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1849 despite men under 30 and men ''not of good character'' being unable to vote at the time.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Dominica|| || || ||Research continues. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Dominican Republic||2015||2015||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Egypt|| || || ||Research continues. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Estonia||1917||1918||1|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |European Union||1979||1979||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Finland||1906||1906||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |France||1848||1944||96|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Georgia||1919||1919||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Germany||1871||1919||48|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Ghana||1957||1957||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Greece||1844||1952||108|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Hong Kong||1991||1991||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Hungary||1918||1918||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |India||1950||1950||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Indonesia||1955||1955||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Iran||1906||1963||57|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Ireland||1918||1923||5|| |
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|- |
|- |
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|Israel||1948||1948||0|| |
|Israel||1948||1948||0|| |
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|- |
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+ | |Italy||1918||1945||27||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1912 despite men under 30 being unable to vote until 1918.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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− | |Jamaica||1944||1944||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Jamaica||1944||1944||0||The House of Representatives was established in 1944. Jamaica then gained increasing autonomy and finally became fully independent in 1962, with universal suffrage throughout. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Japan||1945||1945||0||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1925 despite men under 25 being unable to vote until 1945.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Kuwait||1962||2005||43|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Latvia||1919||1919||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Lebanon||1943||1943||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Liberia||1946||1946||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Liechtenstein||1984||1984||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Lithuania||1922||1922||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Luxembourg||1919||1919||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Malaysia||1956||1957||1|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Malta||1947||1947||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Mexico||1917||1953||36|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Netherlands||1971||1971||0||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal suffrage from 1919 despite men and women under 23 not being able to vote until 1971.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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|New Zealand||1879||1893||14|| |
|New Zealand||1879||1893||14|| |
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− | | |
+ | |Norway||1898||1913||15|| |
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+ | |Pakistan||1947||1947||0||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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− | |United Kingdom||1918||1928||10|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Peru||1979||1979||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Philippines||1935||1937||2|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Poland||1918||1918||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Portugal||1974||1974||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Qatar||2013|| || ||Research continues. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Romania||1918||1948||30|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Russia||1917||1917||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Samoa||1990||1991||1|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Saudi Arabia||-||-||-||Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy and its citizens have never had the franchise. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Serbia||1888||1945||57|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |South Africa||1931||1931||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |South Korea||1987||1987||0||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here as only limited suffrage was introduced in 1948. The first democratic election in South Korea occurred following the establishment of the ''Sixth Republic''. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Spain||1890||1933||43||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here as the 1812 Constitution did not extend suffrage to all men, as Wikipedia itself notes.<ref>https://blog.congreso.es/sufragio-universal-espana/</ref><ref>https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/995-2015-01-09-sufragismo.pdf</ref><ref>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9227768</ref><ref>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/176141849</ref><ref>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/172122231</ref><ref>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9233986</ref> |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Slovakia||1896||1918||22||As the First Czechoslovak Republic. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Sri Lanka||1931||1931||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Sweden||1945||1945||0||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1909 despite men under 25 not being able to vote at the time. Wikipedia counts universal female suffrage from 1919 despite men and women under 23 not being able to vote at the time. Wikipedia does admit that universal suffrage was introduced in 1945 but this is inconsistent with the other dates presented for Sweden.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Switzerland||1848||1971||123||Switzerland is a federal state made up of cantons. At a canton level universal male and female suffrage was achieved at different times. Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here as Wikipedia is counting canton dates not just federal dates. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Taiwan||1992||1992||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Thailand||1933||1933||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Tunisia||1959||1959||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Turkey||1946||1946||0||The first multi-party elections in the country were in 1946.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Turkish_general_election</ref> |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |United Arab Emirates||-||-||-||Limited suffrage only for all adults. The dates displayed on Wikipedia for male & female suffrage are erroneous as Wikipedia fails to meet even its own definitions of male & female suffrage on several key points.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |United Kingdom||1918||1928||10||The [[Reform Act 1832]] barred women from voting in national elections from 1832 to 1918. During this period women could still vote in local elections. In 1918 women over 30 gained the franchise if they lived in a house, had a husband who did or owned property worth a certain amount.<ref>https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Citizenship_in_Britain/js-qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA107&printsec=frontcover</ref><ref>https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-politics/9933592/Women-voted-75-years-before-they-were-legally-allowed-to-in-1918.html</ref><ref>https://archive.is/5QG0k</ref> |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |United States||1870||1920||50||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage</ref> For US states see [[Suffrage in the United States|this article]]. |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Uruguay||1918||1918||0|| |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Zimbabwe||1987||1987||0||Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Universal suffrage without additional conditions consistent with international norms only occurred in 1987. |
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− | == |
+ | == See Also == |
+ | *[[Suffrage]] |
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− | === Wyoming === |
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+ | *[[Universal suffrage in Australia]] |
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+ | *[[Universal suffrage in Canada]] |
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+ | *[[Universal suffrage in the United States]] |
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== External Links == |
== External Links == |
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− | * |
+ | *[http://www.unlockthepast.com.au/sites/default/files/Kopittke%20%R%20%-%20%Suffrage%20%in%20%Queensland.pdf Good summary for Australia] |
− | * |
+ | *[http://www.localhistories.org/vote.html A Brief History of Voting] |
+ | *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage Wikipedia contains a similar list] |
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+ | *[https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/universal-male-suffrage-introduced Universal male suffrage in New Zealand] |
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+ | *[https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=his&document=chap2&lang=e Discussion of suffrage Elections Canada] |
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+ | *[http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~iversen/PDFfiles/LottKenny.pdf Did Women’s Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government?] |
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+ | *[http://localhistories.org/votetime.html Timeline of suffrage] |
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+ | |||
+ | {{Countries}} |
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+ | {{Featured}} |
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+ | {{Lists}} |
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+ | {{Suffrage}} |
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+ | {{Wikipedia}} |
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+ | == References == |
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− | [[Category: Suffrage]] |
Latest revision as of 05:08, 16 June 2024
The table below lists the year that universal male and universal female suffrage were introduced into various nations at the national level. Sub-national entities such as states, provinces and cities sometimes had entirely different voting qualifications and are not dealt with in this article. The list below is non-exhaustive.
In general nations that became independent during the 20th or 21st centuries granted universal suffrage to men and women at the same time. In nations that became independent before the 20th century men typically led women by a few years or decades in obtaining suffrage. Even a few decades should be seen as a short period of time given that human political thought has been developing, even conservatively, for 5000 years.
The following definitions are used in the table below:
Universal Male Suffrage: Men of the majority ethnic group are permitted one secret vote in free elections irrespective of possession of land, wealth, education levels or literacy levels where the minimum age is no higher than 21.
This differs from the definition used in the English Wikipedia as it considers universal male suffrage to begin when men of the majority ethnic group of any age received the franchise without further qualification. The English Wikipedia definition would mean that in reality only a minority of men would have the franchise and makes it appear that universal male suffrage was enacted earlier than it really was.
Universal Female Suffrage: Women of the majority ethnic group are permitted one secret vote in free elections irrespective of possession of land, wealth, education levels or literacy levels where the minimum age is no higher than 21.
It is universally accepted within psephology that some citizens may be deprived of suffrage while a jurisdiction can still be considered to have Universal Suffrage. Examples of citizens so deprived include military officers, citizens who are non-resident, citizens serving a term of imprisonment and citizens with serious criminal records.
If minority ethnic suffrage was counted as a requirement for universal male and female suffrage then the dates of universal suffrage would be much later for many nations. This would unfortunately obscure important information pertaining to universal suffrage and gender - that in general there was little or no delay between universal male and universal female suffrage of the majority ethnic group in most nations. The exclusion of minority ethnic suffrage in this manner is also consistent with the norms of psephology when considering universal male and universal female suffrage.
Country | Universal Male Suffrage | Universal Female Suffrage | Difference (years) | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Afganistan | 1977 | 1977 | 0 | |
Algeria | 1962 | 1962 | 0 | |
Argentina | 1853 | 1952 | 99 | |
Armenia | 1919 | 1921 | 2 | |
Austria | 1907 | 1918 | 11 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1896 despite Austria allowing multiple voting before 1907.[1] |
Australia | 1901 | 1902 | 1 | During the 1901 (inaugural) federal election women were eligible to vote if they were eligible to vote in their home state elections. As a result women in South Australia and Western Australia voted in the 1901 election. For Australian states see this article. |
Azerbaijan | 1919 | 1919 | 0 | |
Bahamas | 1958 | 1961 | 3 | |
Bahrain | 1973 | 1973 | 0 | |
Belgium | 1918 | 1948 | 30 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1893 despite men under 25 being unable to vote and multiple voting being permissible until 1918.[2] |
Bhutan | 2008 | 2008 | 0 | |
Bolivia | 1956 | 1956 | 0 | |
Brazil | 1988 | 1988 | 0 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to various different definitions. The Old Republic (1889-1930) allowed only limited suffrage. During this period Brazil was under the control of large landholders. From 1930 to 1988 various dictatorships ran Brazil. Genuine democracy was only established in 1988. |
Brunei | - | - | - | Brunei is an absolute monarchy and its citizens have never had the franchise. |
Bulgaria | 1945 | 1945 | 0 | |
Burma/Myanmar | 1990 | 1990 | 0 | |
Canada | 1920 | 1920 | 0 | Chinese and aborigines were initially excluded regardless of gender. For Canadian provinces see this article. |
Chile | 1970 | 1970 | 0 | |
Colombia | 1936 | 1954 | 18 | |
Czechia | 1896 | 1918 | 22 | As the First Czechoslovak Republic. |
Denmark | 1915 | 1915 | 0 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1849 despite men under 30 and men not of good character being unable to vote at the time.[3] |
Dominica | Research continues. | |||
Dominican Republic | 2015 | 2015 | 0 | |
Egypt | Research continues. | |||
Estonia | 1917 | 1918 | 1 | |
European Union | 1979 | 1979 | 0 | |
Finland | 1906 | 1906 | 0 | |
France | 1848 | 1944 | 96 | |
Georgia | 1919 | 1919 | 0 | |
Germany | 1871 | 1919 | 48 | |
Ghana | 1957 | 1957 | 0 | |
Greece | 1844 | 1952 | 108 | |
Hong Kong | 1991 | 1991 | 0 | |
Hungary | 1918 | 1918 | 0 | |
India | 1950 | 1950 | 0 | |
Indonesia | 1955 | 1955 | 0 | |
Iran | 1906 | 1963 | 57 | |
Ireland | 1918 | 1923 | 5 | |
Israel | 1948 | 1948 | 0 | |
Italy | 1918 | 1945 | 27 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1912 despite men under 30 being unable to vote until 1918.[4] |
Jamaica | 1944 | 1944 | 0 | The House of Representatives was established in 1944. Jamaica then gained increasing autonomy and finally became fully independent in 1962, with universal suffrage throughout. |
Japan | 1945 | 1945 | 0 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1925 despite men under 25 being unable to vote until 1945.[5] |
Kuwait | 1962 | 2005 | 43 | |
Latvia | 1919 | 1919 | 0 | |
Lebanon | 1943 | 1943 | 0 | |
Liberia | 1946 | 1946 | 0 | |
Liechtenstein | 1984 | 1984 | 0 | |
Lithuania | 1922 | 1922 | 0 | |
Luxembourg | 1919 | 1919 | 0 | |
Malaysia | 1956 | 1957 | 1 | |
Malta | 1947 | 1947 | 0 | |
Mexico | 1917 | 1953 | 36 | |
Netherlands | 1971 | 1971 | 0 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal suffrage from 1919 despite men and women under 23 not being able to vote until 1971.[6] |
New Zealand | 1879 | 1893 | 14 | |
Norway | 1898 | 1913 | 15 | |
Pakistan | 1947 | 1947 | 0 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.[7] |
Peru | 1979 | 1979 | 0 | |
Philippines | 1935 | 1937 | 2 | |
Poland | 1918 | 1918 | 0 | |
Portugal | 1974 | 1974 | 0 | |
Qatar | 2013 | Research continues. | ||
Romania | 1918 | 1948 | 30 | |
Russia | 1917 | 1917 | 0 | |
Samoa | 1990 | 1991 | 1 | |
Saudi Arabia | - | - | - | Saudi Arabia is an absolute monarchy and its citizens have never had the franchise. |
Serbia | 1888 | 1945 | 57 | |
South Africa | 1931 | 1931 | 0 | |
South Korea | 1987 | 1987 | 0 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here as only limited suffrage was introduced in 1948. The first democratic election in South Korea occurred following the establishment of the Sixth Republic. |
Spain | 1890 | 1933 | 43 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here as the 1812 Constitution did not extend suffrage to all men, as Wikipedia itself notes.[8][9][10][11][12][13] |
Slovakia | 1896 | 1918 | 22 | As the First Czechoslovak Republic. |
Sri Lanka | 1931 | 1931 | 0 | |
Sweden | 1945 | 1945 | 0 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Wikipedia counts universal male suffrage from 1909 despite men under 25 not being able to vote at the time. Wikipedia counts universal female suffrage from 1919 despite men and women under 23 not being able to vote at the time. Wikipedia does admit that universal suffrage was introduced in 1945 but this is inconsistent with the other dates presented for Sweden.[14] |
Switzerland | 1848 | 1971 | 123 | Switzerland is a federal state made up of cantons. At a canton level universal male and female suffrage was achieved at different times. Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here as Wikipedia is counting canton dates not just federal dates. |
Taiwan | 1992 | 1992 | 0 | |
Thailand | 1933 | 1933 | 0 | |
Tunisia | 1959 | 1959 | 0 | |
Turkey | 1946 | 1946 | 0 | The first multi-party elections in the country were in 1946.[15] |
United Arab Emirates | - | - | - | Limited suffrage only for all adults. The dates displayed on Wikipedia for male & female suffrage are erroneous as Wikipedia fails to meet even its own definitions of male & female suffrage on several key points.[16] |
United Kingdom | 1918 | 1928 | 10 | The Reform Act 1832 barred women from voting in national elections from 1832 to 1918. During this period women could still vote in local elections. In 1918 women over 30 gained the franchise if they lived in a house, had a husband who did or owned property worth a certain amount.[17][18][19] |
United States | 1870 | 1920 | 50 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.[20] For US states see this article. |
Uruguay | 1918 | 1918 | 0 | |
Zimbabwe | 1987 | 1987 | 0 | Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage. Universal suffrage without additional conditions consistent with international norms only occurred in 1987. |
See Also
- Suffrage
- Universal suffrage in Australia
- Universal suffrage in Canada
- Universal suffrage in the United States
External Links
- Good summary for Australia
- A Brief History of Voting
- Wikipedia contains a similar list
- Universal male suffrage in New Zealand
- Discussion of suffrage Elections Canada
- Did Women’s Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government?
- Timeline of suffrage
This article contains information imported from the English Wikipedia. In most cases the page history will have details. If you need information on the importation and have difficulty obtaining it please contact the site administrators.
Wikipedia shows a strong woke bias. Text copied over from Wikipedia can be corrected and improved.
References
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://blog.congreso.es/sufragio-universal-espana/
- ↑ https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/995-2015-01-09-sufragismo.pdf
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9227768
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/176141849
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/172122231
- ↑ https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/9233986
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Turkish_general_election
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage
- ↑ https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Citizenship_in_Britain/js-qBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA107&printsec=frontcover
- ↑ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-politics/9933592/Women-voted-75-years-before-they-were-legally-allowed-to-in-1918.html
- ↑ https://archive.is/5QG0k
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage