Margaret Elaine Hamilton

Margaret Hamilton, 1995.

Margaret Elaine Hamilton (née Heafield; born August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. She was director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo program. She later founded two software companies—Higher Order Software in 1976 and Hamilton Technologies in 1986, both in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Hamilton has published more than 130 papers, proceedings, and reports, about sixty projects, and six major programs. She invented the term "software engineering", stating "I began to use the term ‘software engineering’ to distinguish it from hardware and other kinds of engineering, yet treat each type of engineering as part of the overall systems engineering process."

On November 22, 2016, Hamilton received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from president Barack Obama for her work leading to the development of the flight guidance software for NASA's Apollo Moon missions.

Stack of Code

Since the early 2020s a picture of Hamilton next to a stack of code has circulated widely online. The picture is often accompanied by erroneous captions that claim that this was a single listing of the code used to send men to the Moon and that she wrote the code alone. These claims are false.

Errors include:

• Many listings were stacked on top of one another to reach her height.

Richard Battin and Dan Lickly led the development of the

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Software Engineering

Anthony Oettinger, Barry Boehm and Hamilton have been jointly credited with coining the term software engineering in which software should be seen as an engineering discipline.

Hamilton credits herself with coining the term:

When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Not because of his acceptance of the new 'term' per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right.

Tribute

In 2019, to celebrate 50 years to the Apollo landing, Google decided to make a tribute to Hamilton. The mirrors at the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility were configured to create a picture of Hamilton and the Apollo 11 by moonlight.