Universal suffrage in Canada

Canada is a federal state. On joining federation the provinces ceded certain powers to the federal government but retained other powers for themselves. As a result, suffrage was granted at different times by Canadian provinces and the federal government.

The following definitions are used in the table below:

Universal Male Suffrage: Men of the majority ethnic group are permitted one secret vote in free elections irrespective of possession of land, wealth, education levels or literacy levels where the minimum age is no higher than 21.

This differs from the definition used in the English Wikipedia as it considers universal male suffrage to begin when men of the majority ethnic group of any age received the franchise without further qualification. The English Wikipedia definition would mean that in reality only a minority of men would have the franchise and makes it appear that universal male suffrage was enacted earlier than it really was.

Universal Female Suffrage: Women of the majority ethnic group are permitted one secret vote in free elections irrespective of possession of land, wealth, education levels or literacy levels where the minimum age is no higher than 21.

It is universally accepted within psephology that some citizens may be deprived of suffrage while a jurisdiction can still be considered to have Universal Suffrage. Examples of citizens so deprived include military officers, citizens who are non-resident, citizens serving a term of imprisonment and citizens with serious criminal records.

If minority ethnic suffrage was counted as a requirement for universal male and female suffrage then the dates of universal suffrage would be much later for many nations. This would unfortunately obscure important information pertaining to universal suffrage and gender - that in general there was little or no delay between universal male and universal female suffrage of the majority ethnic group in most nations. The exclusion of minority ethnic suffrage in this manner is also consistent with the norms of psephology when considering universal male and universal female suffrage.

Jurisdiction	Universal Male Suffrage	Universal Female Suffrage	Difference (years)	Notes
Canada	1920	1920	0	Chinese and aborigines were initially excluded regardless of gender.
Alberta		1916
British Colombia		1917
Manitoba		1916
New Brunswick		1919
Newfoundland	1925	1925	0	Newfoundland did not become part of Canada until 1949.
Nova Scotia		1918
Ontario		1917
Prince Edward Island	1902	1922	20
Quebec		1940
Saskatchewan		1916

See Also

• Suffrage
• Universal suffrage
• Universal suffrage in Australia
• Universal suffrage in the United States