Universal suffrage

The table below lists the year that universal male and universal female suffrage were introduced into various nations. The list is non-exhaustive. In general nations that became independent during the 20th or 21st centuries granted universal suffrage to men and women at the same time. In nations that became independent during the 19th century men often led women by a few years or decades in obtaining suffrage. Greece and Switzerland are notable exceptions to this general trend.

The following definitions are used in the table below:

Universal Male Suffrage: Men of the majority ethnic group are permitted one vote irrespective of possession of land, wealth, education levels or literacy levels where the minimum age is no higher than 21.

This differs from the definition used in the English Wikipedia as it considers universal male suffrage to begin when men of the majority ethnic group of any age received the franchise without further qualification. This definition would mean that in reality only a minority of men would have the franchise and make it appear that universal male suffrage was enacted earlier than it really was.

Universal Female Suffrage: Women are permitted to vote on the same basis as men.

It is universally accepted within psephology that some citizens may be deprived of suffrage while a jurisdiction can still be considered to have Universal Suffrage. Examples of citizens so deprived include military officers, citizens who are non-resident, citizens serving a term of imprisonment and citizens with serious criminal records.

If minority ethnic suffrage was counted as a requirement for universal male and female suffrage then the dates of universal suffrage would be much later for many nations. This would unfortunately obscure important information pertaining to universal suffrage and gender - that in general there was little or no delay between universal male and universal female suffrage of the majority ethnic group in most nations. The exclusion of minority ethnic suffrage in this manner is also consistent with the norms of psephology when considering universal male and universal female suffrage.

Jurisdiction	Universal Male Suffrage	Universal Female Suffrage	Difference (years)	Notes
Afganistan	1977	1977	0
Algeria	1962	1962	0
Argentina	1853	1952	99
Armenia	1919	1921	2
Austria	1907	1918	11	Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
Australia	1901	1902	1	During the 1901 (inaugural) federal election women were eligible to vote if they were eligible to vote in their home state elections. As a result women in South Australia and Western Australia voted in the 1901 election. For Australian states see this article.
Azerbaijan	1919	1919	0
Bahamas	1958	1961	3
Bahrain	1973	1973	0
Belgium	1893	1948	55	Universal census suffrage for all men aged 25 and above since 1893. Depending on education and amount of taxes paid, males could cast between 1 and 3 votes. Widows were also allowed to vote but lost their voting rights after remarrying. Universal single suffrage for males since 1918. Universal suffrage for women was finally introduced in 1948.
Bhutan	2008	2008	0
Bolivia	1956	1956	0
Brazil	1988	1988	0
Brunei	-	-	-	Brunei is an absolute monarchy and its citizens have never had the franchise.
Bulgaria	1945	1945	0
Burma/Myanmar	1990	1990	0
Canada	1920	1920	0	Chinese and aborigines were initially excluded regardless of gender. For Canadian provinces see this article.
Chile	1970	1970	0
Colombia	1936	1954	18
Czechia	1896	1918	22	As the First Czechoslovak Republic.
Denmark	1915	1915	0	Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
Domican Republic	?	?	?
Estonia	1917	1918	0
European Union	1979	1979	0
Finland	1906	1906	0
France	?	?	?
Georgia	1919	1919	0
Germany	1871	1919	48
Ghana	1957	1957	0
Greece	1830	1952	122
Hong Kong	1991	1991	0
Hungary	1918	1918	0
India	1950	1950	0
Indonesia	1955	1955	0
Iran	1906	1963	57
Ireland	1918	1923
Israel	1948	1948	0
Italy	1918	1945	27	Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
Jamaica	1944	1944	0	The House of Representatives was established in 1944. Jamaica then gained increasing autonomy and finally became fully independent in 1962, with universal suffrage throughout.
Japan	1947	1947	0	Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
Kuwait	1962	2005	43
Latvia	1919	1919	0
Lebanon	1943	1943	0
Liberia	1946	1946	0
Liechtenstein	1984	1984	0
Lithuania	1922	1922	0
Luxembourg	1919	1919	0
Malaysia	1956	1957	1
Malta	1947	1947	0
Mexico	1917	1953	36
Netherlands	1971	1971	0	Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
New Zealand	1879	1893	14
Norway	1898	1913	15
Pakistan	1947	1947	0	Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
Peru	1979	1979	0
Philippines	1935	1937	0
Poland	1918	1918	0
Portugal	1974	1974	0
Qatar	2013	?	?
Romania	1918	1948	30
Russia	1917	1917	0
Samoa	1991	1
Saudia Arabia	-	-	-	Saudia Arabia is an absolute monarchy.
Serbia	1888	1945	57
South Africa	1931	1931	0
South Korea	?	?	?
Spain	1812	1933	121
Slovakia	1896	1918	22	As the First Czechoslovak Republic.
Sri Lanka	1931	1931	0
Sweden	1945	1945	0	Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
Switzerland	1848	1971	123	Switzerland is a federal state made up of Cantons. At a Canton level universal male and female suffrage was achieved at different times.
Taiwan	1992	1992	0
Thailand	1933	1933	0
Tunisia	?	?	?
Turkey	?	?	?
United Arab Emirates	-	-	-	Limited suffrage only for all adults. Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
United Kingdom	1918	1928	10	Women 30 or older gained the franchise in 1918 if they lived in a house, had a husband who did or owned property worth a certain amount.
United States	1870	1920	50	Information in Wikipedia differs from that presented here due to a different definition for Universal Male Suffrage.
Uruguay	1918	1918	0
Zimbabwe	?	1919	?

See Also

• Suffrage
• Suffrage in Australia
• Suffrage in Canada

External Links

• Good summary for Australia
• A Brief History of Voting
• Wikipedia contains a similar list
• Universal male suffrage in New Zealand
• Discussion of suffrage Elections Canada