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[[File:584006574 122253246932160594 493569446229235400 n.jpg|thumb]]
Despite widely held opinions to the contrary, there is growing evidence that female leaders are more likely to start and continue wars than male leaders.
[[File:HHecJWcX0AADou2.jpeg|thumb]]


Historical and contemporary analyses of leadership have long debated the influence of gender on political decision-making. While widely held opinions suggest differences in leadership styles between men and women, recent scholarly research has challenged assumptions about the relationship between gender and conflict. Studies indicate that female leaders may be more likely than their male counterparts to initiate or sustain wars, a finding that complicates traditional narratives about the role of women in governance. This article explores historical and modern examples of [[Female rulers]], examining patterns in their leadership and the implications of these findings.
== Medieveal Europe ==


{{H2|Historical Context: Medieval Europe}}
A major study on European monarchs found that [[Queens Regnant]] were more likely than Kings to start new wars and to continue the wars of their predecessors.
A significant body of research on European monarchs suggests that [[Queens Regnant]] were more likely than kings to initiate new wars or continue conflicts begun by predecessors. A 2015 study analyzing European monarchs found that queens were disproportionately involved in military campaigns, challenging the stereotype of women as peacemakers. <ref>http://odube.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Queens_Oct2015.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.psmag.com/politics-and-law/queens-on-attack</ref> <ref>http://mentalfloss.com/article/74643/europes-queens-were-more-likely-go-war-its-kings</ref> <ref>https://www.nber.org/papers/w23337.pdf</ref> <ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7667033/Queens-gone-war-kings-centuries-historic-study-finds.html</ref> <ref>https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4454964/Female-rulers-27-likely-wage-WAR-males.html</ref> <ref>https://qz.com/967895/throughout-history-women-rulers-were-more-likely-to-wage-war-than-men/</ref> <ref>https://qz.com/1115269/would-the-world-be-more-peaceful-if-there-were-more-women-leaders/</ref> <ref>https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/warlike-queens-0012861</ref>


{{H2|Modern Perspectives}}
* http://odube.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Queens_Oct2015.pdf
The book *Why Leaders Fight* (2015) analyzed global leaders from 1875 to 2004, examining whether gender influenced the likelihood of engaging in armed conflict. The study found that 36% of female leaders and 30% of male leaders participated in at least one armed conflict during their tenure. <ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2022/03/08/sheryl-sandberg-says-female-leaders-dont-go-to-war-heres-what-research-says/?sh=1134d7011fa7</ref>
* http://www.psmag.com/politics-and-law/queens-on-attack
* http://mentalfloss.com/article/74643/europes-queens-were-more-likely-go-war-its-kings
* https://www.nber.org/papers/w23337.pdf
* https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7667033/Queens-gone-war-kings-centuries-historic-study-finds.html
* https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4454964/Female-rulers-27-likely-wage-WAR-males.html
* https://qz.com/967895/throughout-history-women-rulers-were-more-likely-to-wage-war-than-men/
* https://qz.com/1115269/would-the-world-be-more-peaceful-if-there-were-more-women-leaders/
* https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/warlike-queens-0012861


{{H2|Gender and Conflict Behavior}}
Modern female leaders: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03050629.2019.1683008
Research on legislative and executive roles suggests complex relationships between gender and conflict. One study found that increased women’s legislative representation correlates with reduced conflict behavior and defense spending, while the presence of women in executive roles may increase both. <ref>https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1017/S0022381610000824</ref> <ref>https://archive.ph/QWYMN</ref> Another analysis of historical polities revealed that societies ruled by queens were 27% more likely to engage in inter-state conflicts compared to those ruled by kings. <ref>https://www.nber.org/papers/w23337.pdf</ref>


{{H2|Selected [[Female rulers]]}}
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09636412.2020.1763450
Throughout history, numerous women have held positions of power across continents:
* [[Merneith]] (Africa, 13th century BCE)
* [[Hatshepsut]] (Africa, 1508–1458 BCE)
* Artemisia I of Caria (Asia, 5th century BCE)
* [[Olympias]] (Europe, 375–316 BCE)
* Cleopatra Thea (Africa, 164–121 BCE)
* Cleopatra VII (Africa, 69–30 BCE)
* [[Boudica]] (Europe, 20–60 CE)
* [[Zenobia]] (West Asia, 240–275 CE)
* Empress Suiko (East Asia, 554–628 CE)
* Empress Wu Zetian (East Asia, 625–705 CE)
* Irene of Athens (West Asia, 752–803 CE)
* Theophano (West Asia, 943–969 CE)
* Theophano (Europe, 956–991 CE)
* Margaret of Austria (Europe, 1480–1530 CE)
* Catherine of Austria (Europe, 1507–1578 CE)
* Mary I (Europe, 1516–1558 CE)
* Elizabeth I (Europe, 1533–1603 CE)
* Joan of Austria (Europe, 1535–1573 CE)
* Mary Queen of Scots (Europe, 1542–1587 CE)
* Catherine the Great (Europe, 1729–1796 CE)


Societies in the Americas are underrepresented in this list due to gaps in historical records. However, it is plausible that ancient American civilizations also featured [[Female rulers]], albeit less frequently documented. While [[Female rulers]] have historically been a minority, they were present in significant numbers across diverse regions.
http://empathygap.uk/?p=4100


{{H2|Additional Resources}}
https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/comments/8k6lpq/women_as_a_voting_group_are_far_more/
Further research on modern female leaders:
* [Modern female leaders](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03050629.2019.1683008)
* [Gender and conflict in leadership](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09636412.2020.1763450)
* [Empathy gap analysis](http://empathygap.uk/?p=4100)
* [Reddit discussion on gender and voting behavior](https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/comments/8k6lpq/women_as_a_voting_group_are_far_more/)
* [Archived analysis of gender and conflict](https://archive.ph/FQRk2)
* [Forbes analysis of female leadership and war](https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2022/03/08/sheryl-sandberg-says-female-leaders-dont-go-to-war-heres-what-research-says/)


{{H2|Files}}
https://archive.ph/FQRk2
* [[File:Queens Oct2015.pdf]]


{{History}}
https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2022/03/08/sheryl-sandberg-says-female-leaders-dont-go-to-war-heres-what-research-says/
{{Information}}


{{Ollama}}
== Modern World ==
{{Pending Human Review}}

The book ''Why Leaders Fight'' includes an analysis of world leaders from 1875 to 2004 and examines whether gender has an impact on the likelihood of engaging in armed conflict. The authors found that 30% of men and 36% of women engaged in at least one armed conflict during their time in power.<ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2022/03/08/sheryl-sandberg-says-female-leaders-dont-go-to-war-heres-what-research-says/?sh=1134d7011fa7</ref>

== Conflict ==

<blockquote>Consistent with the literature on stereotypes, we find that increases in women’s legislative representation decreases conflict behavior and defense spending, while the presence of women executives increases both.<ref>https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1017/S0022381610000824</ref><ref>https://archive.ph/QWYMN</ref></blockquote>

<blockquote>...we find that polities ruled by queens were 27% more likely to participate in inter-state conflicts, compared to polities ruled by kings.<ref>https://www.nber.org/papers/w23337.pdf</ref></blockquote>

== List ==

* Merneith (Africa, 13th century BCE)
* [[Hatshepsut]] (Africa, 1508-1458 BCE)
* Artemisia I of Caria (Asia, 5th century BCE)
* Olympias (Europe, 375-316 BCE)
* Cleopatra Thea (Africa, 164-121 BCE)
* Cleopatra VII (Africa, 69-30 BCE)
* Boudica (Europe, 20-60 CE)
* Zenobia (West Asia, 240-275 CE)
* Empress Suiko (East Asia, 554-628 CE)
* Empress Wu Zetian (East Asia, 625-705 CE)
* Irene of Athens (West Asia, 752-803 CE)
* Theophano (West Asia, 943-969 CE)
* Theophano (Europe, 956-991 CE)
* Margaret of Austria (Europe, 1480-1530 CE)
* Catherine of Austria (Europe, 1507-1578 CE)
* Mary I (Europe, 1516-1558 CE)
* Elizabeth I (Europe, 1533-1603 CE)
* Joan of Austria (Europe, 1535-1573 CE)
* Mary Queen of Scots (Europe, 1542-1587 CE)
* Catherine the Great (Europe, 1729-1796 CE)

Societies from the Americas are lacking from the list above due to lack of historical records. It is likely that ancient societies in the Americas had similar proportions of female rulers. Female rulers, while a minority, were common around the world.

== Files ==

*[[File:Queens Oct2015.pdf]]

== References ==

[[Category: History]]
[[Category: Information]]

Latest revision as of 12:59, 5 November 2026

Historical and contemporary analyses of leadership have long debated the influence of gender on political decision-making. While widely held opinions suggest differences in leadership styles between men and women, recent scholarly research has challenged assumptions about the relationship between gender and conflict. Studies indicate that female leaders may be more likely than their male counterparts to initiate or sustain wars, a finding that complicates traditional narratives about the role of women in governance. This article explores historical and modern examples of Female rulers, examining patterns in their leadership and the implications of these findings.

Historical Context: Medieval Europe

A significant body of research on European monarchs suggests that Queens Regnant were more likely than kings to initiate new wars or continue conflicts begun by predecessors. A 2015 study analyzing European monarchs found that queens were disproportionately involved in military campaigns, challenging the stereotype of women as peacemakers. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

Modern Perspectives

The book *Why Leaders Fight* (2015) analyzed global leaders from 1875 to 2004, examining whether gender influenced the likelihood of engaging in armed conflict. The study found that 36% of female leaders and 30% of male leaders participated in at least one armed conflict during their tenure. [10]

Gender and Conflict Behavior

Research on legislative and executive roles suggests complex relationships between gender and conflict. One study found that increased women’s legislative representation correlates with reduced conflict behavior and defense spending, while the presence of women in executive roles may increase both. [11] [12] Another analysis of historical polities revealed that societies ruled by queens were 27% more likely to engage in inter-state conflicts compared to those ruled by kings. [13]

Selected Female rulers

Throughout history, numerous women have held positions of power across continents:

  • Merneith (Africa, 13th century BCE)
  • Hatshepsut (Africa, 1508–1458 BCE)
  • Artemisia I of Caria (Asia, 5th century BCE)
  • Olympias (Europe, 375–316 BCE)
  • Cleopatra Thea (Africa, 164–121 BCE)
  • Cleopatra VII (Africa, 69–30 BCE)
  • Boudica (Europe, 20–60 CE)
  • Zenobia (West Asia, 240–275 CE)
  • Empress Suiko (East Asia, 554–628 CE)
  • Empress Wu Zetian (East Asia, 625–705 CE)
  • Irene of Athens (West Asia, 752–803 CE)
  • Theophano (West Asia, 943–969 CE)
  • Theophano (Europe, 956–991 CE)
  • Margaret of Austria (Europe, 1480–1530 CE)
  • Catherine of Austria (Europe, 1507–1578 CE)
  • Mary I (Europe, 1516–1558 CE)
  • Elizabeth I (Europe, 1533–1603 CE)
  • Joan of Austria (Europe, 1535–1573 CE)
  • Mary Queen of Scots (Europe, 1542–1587 CE)
  • Catherine the Great (Europe, 1729–1796 CE)

Societies in the Americas are underrepresented in this list due to gaps in historical records. However, it is plausible that ancient American civilizations also featured Female rulers, albeit less frequently documented. While Female rulers have historically been a minority, they were present in significant numbers across diverse regions.

Additional Resources

Further research on modern female leaders:

Files

This page contains information generated by Ollama. The information was reviewed, and may have been altered, by a human editor before being added to the Featured category. As of July 2026 information generated by AI is not subject to copyright and is thus in the public domain. This page is pending human review.

  1. ↑ http://odube.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Queens_Oct2015.pdf
  2. ↑ http://www.psmag.com/politics-and-law/queens-on-attack
  3. ↑ http://mentalfloss.com/article/74643/europes-queens-were-more-likely-go-war-its-kings
  4. ↑ https://www.nber.org/papers/w23337.pdf
  5. ↑ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7667033/Queens-gone-war-kings-centuries-historic-study-finds.html
  6. ↑ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4454964/Female-rulers-27-likely-wage-WAR-males.html
  7. ↑ https://qz.com/967895/throughout-history-women-rulers-were-more-likely-to-wage-war-than-men/
  8. ↑ https://qz.com/1115269/would-the-world-be-more-peaceful-if-there-were-more-women-leaders/
  9. ↑ https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/warlike-queens-0012861
  10. ↑ https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2022/03/08/sheryl-sandberg-says-female-leaders-dont-go-to-war-heres-what-research-says/?sh=1134d7011fa7
  11. ↑ https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1017/S0022381610000824
  12. ↑ https://archive.ph/QWYMN
  13. ↑ https://www.nber.org/papers/w23337.pdf
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