Water-level task: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Water level task.png|thumb|An excerpt from Halpern, Diane F. (2012). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (4th ed.). New York: Psychology Press]] |
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The '''water-level task''' is an [[experiment]] in [[developmental psychology|developmental]] and [[cognitive psychology]]<ref>"The Water-Level Task: An Intriguing Puzzle", Ross Vasta and Lynn S. Liben, <u>Current Directions in Psychological Science</u>, Vol. 5, No. 6 (Dec 1996), pp 171-177; [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20182424 JSTOR subscription]</ref><ref>"Sex-typing and spatial ability: The association between masculinity and success on piaget's water-level task", {{doi|10.1007/BF00287356}}</ref><ref>"Sex differences on Piaget's water-level task: Spatial ability incognito", Eva Geiringer and Janet Hyde, <u>Perceptual and Motor Skills</u> Vol 42(3, Pt 2), Jun 1976, pp. 1323-1328</ref><ref>"Individual differences in water-level task performance: A component-skills analysis", {{doi|10.1016/0273-2297(88)90007-X}}</ref><ref>"The Piagetian water-level task: Looking beneath the surface", Lynn S Liben <u>Annals of child development</u>, Vol. 8, pp. 81-143</ref> developed by [[Jean Piaget]].<ref>The Early Growth of Logic in the Child</u>, Barbel Inhelder & Jean Piaget</ref><ref>"Can Spatial Training Erase the Gender Differences on the Water-Level Task?" {{doi|10.1111/j.1471-6402.1996.tb00321.x}}</ref> |
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The [[water-level task]] is an experiment in developmental psychology and cognitive psychology<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/20182424</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water-level_task&oldid=1061920218</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The experiment attempts to assess the subject's |
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| ⚫ | The experiment attempts to assess the subject's reasoning ability in spatial relations. To do so the subject is shown pictures depicting various shaped bottles with a water level marked, then shown pictures of the bottles tilted on different angles without the level marked, and the subject is asked to mark where the water level would be. |
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==Sex differences in performance== |
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| ⚫ | The water |
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{{H2|Sex Differences}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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| ⚫ | The water-level task has been of interest to psychologists due to a significant sex difference in performance of the task. Multiple studies have indicated that female participants fail the task at a significantly higher rate than male participants.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water-level_task&oldid=1061920218</ref> |
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[[Category:Psychology experiments]] |
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One typical study from 1989 found that 32% of college women failed the test, compared to 15% of college men.[8] A 1995 experiment found that 50% of undergraduate males and 25% of females performed "very well" on the task and 20% of males and 35% of females performed "poorly". Similar sex differences have been confirmed internationally.[8] The difference in performance between men and women has been estimated, in terms of Cohen's d, to be between 0.44–0.66 (i.e. between 0.44 and 0.66 standard deviations).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water-level_task&oldid=1347123136</ref> |
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Excerpt from Halpern, Diane F. (2012). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (4th ed.). New York: Psychology Press: |
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[[File:Water level test 2.png|400px]] |
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{{Featured}} |
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{{Science}} |
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{{Sex Differences}} |
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Latest revision as of 13:32, 4 August 2026
The water-level task is an experiment in developmental psychology and cognitive psychology[1][2]
The experiment attempts to assess the subject's reasoning ability in spatial relations. To do so the subject is shown pictures depicting various shaped bottles with a water level marked, then shown pictures of the bottles tilted on different angles without the level marked, and the subject is asked to mark where the water level would be.
Sex Differences
The water-level task has been of interest to psychologists due to a significant sex difference in performance of the task. Multiple studies have indicated that female participants fail the task at a significantly higher rate than male participants.[3]
One typical study from 1989 found that 32% of college women failed the test, compared to 15% of college men.[8] A 1995 experiment found that 50% of undergraduate males and 25% of females performed "very well" on the task and 20% of males and 35% of females performed "poorly". Similar sex differences have been confirmed internationally.[8] The difference in performance between men and women has been estimated, in terms of Cohen's d, to be between 0.44–0.66 (i.e. between 0.44 and 0.66 standard deviations).[4]
Excerpt from Halpern, Diane F. (2012). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (4th ed.). New York: Psychology Press:
Wikipedia
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