Forced Labour

The UN includes forced marriage in slavery rates.

As of 2023 there are an estimated 27.6 million people in forced labour. Of those 15.8 million are male and 11.8 million female.

Forced Labour is defined in Article 2 of the Forced Labour Convention as "all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily". Article 11 of the same convention explicitely states: "Only adult able-bodied males who are of an apparent age of not less than 18 and not more than 45 years may be called upon for forced or compulsory labour."

The Forced Labour Convention, the full title of which is the Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour, 1930 (No.29), is one of eight ILO fundamental conventions of the International Labour Organization. The Convention commits parties to prohibit the use of forced labour, admitting only five exceptions to it. Its object and purpose is to suppress the use of forced labour in all its forms irrespective of the nature of the work or the sector of activity in which it may be performed.

The Convention was adopted in Geneva 28 June 1930 and came into force on 1 May 1932. By the end of 1932 ten countries had ratified the convention (Japan, Bulgaria, Spain, Norway, Denmark, Australia, Sweden, United Kingdom, Liberia, and Ireland). Austria in 1960, Luxembourg in 1964 and Malta in 1965 were the last Western European countries to rarify the convention. Canada ratified it in 2011 and as of 2015 the United States has not ratified it.

The Convention was supplemented by the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 which canceled a number of exceptions to abolishment in the 1930 Convention, such as punishment for strikes and as a punishment for holding certain political views.

Exceptions to Convention

The Convention excepts from the term "forced or compulsory labour" the following:

• any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character;
• any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligations of the citizens of a fully self-governing country;
• any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a court of law, provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a public authority and that the said person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or associations;
• any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of war, of a calamity or threatened calamity, such as fire, flood, famine, earthquake, violent epidemic or epizootic diseases, invasion by: animal, insect or vegetable pests, and in general any circumstance that would endanger the existence or the well-being of the whole or part of the population;
• minor communal services of a kind which, being performed by the members of the community in the direct interest of the said community, can therefore be considered as normal civic obligations incumbent upon the members of the community, provided that the members of the community or their direct representatives shall have the right to be consulted in regard to the need for such services.

Ratifications

As of 2015, the Convention has been ratified 178 of the 186 ILO members. The ILO members that have not ratified the convention are:

• Afghanistan
• Brunei
• China
• Marshall Islands
• Palau
• South Korea
• Tuvalu
• United States

UN member states which are not members of the ILO are Andorra, Bhutan, Liechtenstein, Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, North Korea and Tonga; these states are not eligible to ratify the Convention

Protocol

In 2014, a protocol was adopted by the International Labour Conference: P29, Protocol of 2014 to the Forced Labour Convention, 1930. The Protocol was adopted with 437 votes in favour, 8 against and 27 abstentions (there are 3 votes per member state: one for the government, one for employees, and one for employers). The Government of Thailand was the only state to vote against adoption. The protocol obligates states parties to provide protection and appropriate remedies, including compensation, to victims of forced labour and to sanction the perpetrators of forced labour. It also obligates states parties to develop "a national policy and plan of action for the effective and sustained suppression of forced or compulsory labour".

On 14 May 2015, Niger became the first state to ratify the 2014 Protocol. It has also been ratified by Norway.

See also

• Slave Trade Acts

External links

• Text of the Forced Labor Convention
• The ILO Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL)
• Thailand’s Military Government Votes ‘Yes’ On Forced Labor

The Forced Labour Convention was released in 1930. They wanted to abolish all forced labour but knew that wasn't feasible so they made limited forms of forced labour legal as a compromise.

Only men with an apparent age of 18-45 could be forced to do unfree labour.

An additional convention came out in 1957 further curtailing legal forced labour.

Until 2014 men with an apparent age of 18-45 could still legally be forced to do labour against their will.

In 2014 a new protocol finally abolished forced labour for men with an apparent age of 18-45. Note the use of apparent age. It means a boy who looks 18 (but might be 15) could be forced to do unfree labour. So could a man over 45 if he looks young.

https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:P029