Female leaders
Despite widely held opinions to the contrary, there is growing evidence that female leaders are more likely to start and continue wars than male leaders.
Medieveal Europe
A major study on European monarchs
- http://odube.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Queens_Oct2015.pdf
- http://www.psmag.com/politics-and-law/queens-on-attack
- http://mentalfloss.com/article/74643/europes-queens-were-more-likely-go-war-its-kings
- https://www.nber.org/papers/w23337.pdf
- https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7667033/Queens-gone-war-kings-centuries-historic-study-finds.html
- https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-4454964/Female-rulers-27-likely-wage-WAR-males.html
- https://qz.com/967895/throughout-history-women-rulers-were-more-likely-to-wage-war-than-men/
- https://qz.com/1115269/would-the-world-be-more-peaceful-if-there-were-more-women-leaders/
Modern female leaders: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03050629.2019.1683008
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09636412.2020.1763450
https://www.reddit.com/r/unpopularopinion/comments/8k6lpq/women_as_a_voting_group_are_far_more/
Modern World
The book Why Leaders Fight includes an analysis of world leaders from 1875 to 2004 and examines whether gender has an impact on the likelihood of engaging in armed conflict. The authors found that 30% of men and 36% of women engaged in at least one armed conflict during their time in power.[1]