Difference between revisions of "John Money"
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| (6 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| + | {{wikipedia}} |
||
| − | '''John William Money''' (8 July 1921 – 7 July 2006) was a New Zealand-American psychologist, sexologist and author specializing in research into sexual identity and biology of gender. He was one of the first researchers to publish theories on the influence of societal constructs of "[[gender]]" on individual formation of [[gender identity]]. Money introduced the terms ''gender identity'', ''[[gender role]]'' and ''[[sexual orientation]]'' and popularised the term ''[[paraphilia]]''.<ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pRcWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45</ref> |
||
| + | John William Money (8 July 1921 – 7 July 2006) was a New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author known for his research into sexual identity and biology of gender. He was one of the first researchers to publish theories on the influence of societal constructs of gender on individual formation of gender identity. Money introduced the terms [[gender identity]], [[gender role]] and [[sexual orientation]] and popularised the term [[paraphilia]]. |
||
| − | Recent academic studies have criticized Money's work in many respects, particularly in regard to his involvement with the involuntary sex-reassignment of the child [[David Reimer]]<ref>http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-sex-reassignment.html</ref>, his forcing this child and his brother to simulate sex acts which Money photographed and the adult suicides of both brothers. |
||
| + | Working with endocrinologist Claude Migeon, Money established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, the first clinic in the United States to perform sexual reassignment surgeries on both infants and adults. He spent a considerable amount of his career in the United States. |
||
| − | Money's writing has been translated into many languages and includes around 2,000 articles, books, chapters and reviews. He received around 65 honors, awards and degrees in his lifetime. He was also a patron of many famous New Zealand artists, such as Rita Angus and Theo Schoon. |
||
| + | A 1997 academic study criticised Money's work in many respects, particularly in regard to the involuntary sex-reassignment of the child [[David Reimer]]. Reimer committed suicide at 38 and his brother died of an overdose at 36. Some of Money's therapy sessions involved sexual activity between the two brothers. |
||
| − | ==Biography== |
||
| + | Researcher Mary Anne Case wrote that Money made "fraudulently deceptive claims about the malleability of gender in certain patients who had involuntarily undergone sex reassignment surgery" and that this fueled the anti-gender movement.<ref>https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=13570&context=journal_articles</ref> |
||
| − | Money proposed and developed several theories and related terminology, including [[gender identity]], [[gender role]],<ref name="diamond2">{{cite journal | last = Diamond | first = Milton | year = 2004 | title = Sex, gender, and identity over the years: a changing perspective | journal = Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 591–607 | pmid = 15183375 | url = http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/historical/OverTheYears.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203153327/http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/historical/OverTheYears.htm | archive-date=3 December 2008 | doi = 10.1016/j.chc.2004.02.008 }}</ref> gender-identity/role and [[lovemap]]. He popularized the term ''paraphilia'' (appearing in the [[DSM-III]], which would later replace ''perversions'') and introduced the term ''sexual orientation'' in place of ''sexual preference'', arguing that attraction is not necessarily a matter of free choice.<ref name="John Money, Ph.D"/><ref name=":0" /> |
||
| + | == See Also == |
||
| − | Money was a professor of [[pediatrics]] and [[medical psychology]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]] from 1951 until his death. He also established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in 1965 along with [[Claude Migeon]] who was the head of pediatric endocrinology at Johns Hopkins. The hospital began performing sexual reassignment surgery in 1966.<ref name="The Journal of Sex Research">{{cite journal|last1=Bullough|first1=Vern|title=The Contributions of John Money: A Personal View| journal = The Journal of Sex Research |volume=40|issue=3|pages=230–236| publisher=Taylor and Francis, Ltd.|jstor=3813317|year=2003|doi=10.1080/00224490309552186|pmid=14533016}}</ref> At Johns Hopkins, Money was also involved with the Sexual Behaviors Unit, which ran studies on [[sex-reassignment surgery]]. He received the [[Magnus Hirschfeld Medal]] in 2002 from the [[German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research]]. |
||
| + | *[[Alfred Kinsey]] |
||
| − | In 2002, as his [[Parkinson's disease]] worsened, Money donated a substantial portion of his art collection to the [[Eastern Southland Art Gallery]] in [[Gore, New Zealand]].<ref name="sunobit">{{cite news | last = Brewington | first = Kelly | date = 9 July 2006 | url = http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-07-09/news/0607090031_1_gender-johns-hopkins-john-money | title = Dr. John Money 1921–2006: Hopkins pioneer in gender identity | work = [[Baltimore Sun]]}}</ref> In 2003, the New Zealand Prime Minister, Helen Clark, opened the John Money wing at the Eastern Southland Gallery.<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0312/S00341.htm|title=PM opens new wing at Eastern Southland Gallery | date = 12 December 2003 | author = Office of the Prime Minister |access-date=18 September 2017}}</ref> |
||
| + | *[[David Reimer]] |
||
| − | |||
| + | *[[gender identity]] |
||
| − | Money died 7 July 2006, one day before his 85th birthday, in [[Towson, Maryland]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=1061|title=Sex researcher John Money dies|last=Highleyman|first=Liz|date=3 August 2006|work=The Bay Area Reporter|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref> of complications from [[Parkinson's disease]].<ref name="ObitsInNews">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Jul09/0,4670,Deaths,00.html|title=Obituaries in the News|last=Fitzgerald|first=John Warner|date=9 July 2006|publisher=Associated Press via Fox News|accessdate=1 March 2009}}</ref> |
||
| + | *[[gender role]] |
||
| − | |||
| + | *[[sexual orientation]] |
||
| − | ==Sexological books== |
||
| − | Money was the co-editor of a 1969 book "Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment", which helped bring more acceptance to [[sexual reassignment surgery]] and [[transgender]] individuals. |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Sexual identity, gender identity and gender roles=== |
||
| − | {{more citations needed section|date=March 2015}} |
||
| − | {{further|Sexual identity|Gender identity|Gender role}} |
||
| − | Money introduced numerous definitions related to gender in journal articles in the 1950s, many of them as a result of his studies of Hermaphroditism. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Money's definition of [[gender]] is based on his understanding of sex differences among human beings. According to Money, the fact that one sex produces [[ovum|ova]] and the other sex produces [[sperm]] is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. However, there are other ''sex-derivative differences'' that follow in the wake of this primary dichotomy. |
||
| − | |||
| − | These differences involve the way [[urine]] is expelled from the human body and other questions of [[sexual dimorphism]]. According to Money's theory, ''sex-adjunctive differences'' are typified by the smaller size of females and their problems in moving around while [[Breastfeeding|nursing]] infants. This then makes it more likely that the males do the roaming and hunting. |
||
| − | |||
| − | ''Sex-arbitrary differences'' are those that are purely conventional: for example, color selection (baby blue for boys, [[Pink#The 20th century|pink for girls]]). Some of the latter differences apply to life activities, such as career opportunities for men versus women. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Finally, Money created the now-common term ''[[gender role]]'' which he differentiated from the concept of the more traditional terminology ''sex role''. This grew out of his studies of hermaphrodites. According to Money, the genitalia and erotic sexual roles were now, by his definition, to be included under the more general term "gender role" including all the non-genital and non-erotic activities that are defined by the conventions of society to apply to males or to females. |
||
| − | |||
| − | In his studies of hermaphrodites, Money found that there are six variables that define sex. While in the average person all six would line up unequivocally as either all "male" or "female", in hermaphrodites any one or more than one of these could be inconsistent with the others, leading to various kinds of anomalies. In his seminal 1955 paper he defined these factors as:<ref name=MHH-1955>{{cite journal |last=Money |first=John |authorlink1=John Money |last2=Hampson |first2=Joan G |last3=Hampson |first3=John |date=October 1955 |title=An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism |url= |journal=Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |volume=97 |issue=4 |pages=301–19 |doi= |pmid=13260820 }}</ref> |
||
| − | # assigned sex and sex of rearing |
||
| − | # external genital morphology |
||
| − | # internal reproductive structures |
||
| − | # hormonal and secondary sex characteristics |
||
| − | # gonadal sex |
||
| − | # chromosomal sex |
||
| − | |||
| − | and added, {{quote|"Patients showing various combinations and permutations of these six sexual variables may be appraised with respect to a seventh variable: |
||
| − | 7. Gender role and orientation as male or female, established while growing up."<ref name=MHH-1955 />}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | He then defined gender role as {{quote|"all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor; play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices, and, finally, the person's own replies to direct inquiry."<ref name=MHH-1955 />}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | Money made the concept of ''gender'' a broader, more inclusive concept than one of masculine/feminine. For him, gender included not only one's status as a man or a woman, but was also a matter of personal recognition, social assignment, or legal determination; not only on the basis of one's genitalia but also on the basis of somatic and behavioral criteria that go beyond genital differences. |
||
| − | |||
| − | In 1972, Money presented his theories in ''Man & Woman, Boy & Girl'', a college-level, mainstream textbook. The book featured David Reimer (see below) as an example of gender reassignment. |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===''Gay, Straight and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation''=== |
||
| − | |||
| − | {{Confusing section|reason=there are terms in this section that require explanation as they are technical jargon used in Money's theoretical conceptualizing and do not have broad understanding|date=March 2016}} |
||
| − | In this book, Money develops a conception of "[[bodymind]]".<ref name=GayStraight-p116>Money 1988, p. 116.</ref> "Bodymind" is a way for scientists, in developing a science about sexuality, to move on from the platitudes of dichotomy between [[nature versus nurture]], innate versus the acquired, biological versus the social, and psychological versus the physiological. He suggests that all of these capitalize on the ancient, pre-Platonic, pre-biblical conception of body versus the mind, and the physical versus the spiritual. In coining the term "bodymind", in this sense, Money wishes to move beyond these very ingrained principles of our folk or vernacular psychology. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Money also develops a view of "Concepts of Determinism" which, transcultural, transhistorical, and universal, all people have in common, sexologically or otherwise.<ref name=GayStraight-p114-119>Money 1988, pp. 114-119.</ref> These include pairbondage, troopbondage, abidance, ycleptance, foredoomance, with these coping strategies: adhibition (engagement), inhibition, explication. |
||
| − | |||
| − | Money suggests that the concept of "threshold"<ref name=GayStraight-p115>Money 1988, p. 115.</ref> – the release or inhibition of sexual (or other) behavior – is most useful for sex research as a substitute for any concept of motivation. Moreover, it confers the distinct advantage of having continuity and unity to what would otherwise be a highly disparate and varied field of research. It also allows for the classification of sexual behavior. For Money, the concept of threshold has great value because of the wide spectrum to which it applies. "It allows one to think developmentally or longitudinally, in terms of stages or experiences that are programmed serially, or hierarchically, or cybernetically (i.e. regulated by mutual feedback)."<ref name=GayStraight-p116 /> |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==Controversies== |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Sex reassignment of David Reimer=== |
||
| − | {{Main|David Reimer}}During his professional life, Money was respected as an expert on sexual behavior, especially known for his views that gender was learned rather than innate. However, it was later revealed that his most famous case of [[David Reimer]] was fundamentally flawed.<ref name="Dr. Money And The Boy With No Penis">{{cite episode | url = http://documentarystorm.com/health/dr-money-and-the-boy-with-no-penis/ | title = Dr. Money And The Boy With No Penis | access-date = 24 December 2010 | series = Horizon | season = 41 | number = 8 | date = November 4, 2004}}</ref> In 1966, a botched [[circumcision]] left eight-month-old Reimer without a penis. Money persuaded the baby's parents that [[sex reassignment surgery]] would be in Reimer's best interest. At the age of 22 months, Reimer underwent an [[orchiectomy]], in which his testicles were surgically removed. He was reassigned to be raised as female and given the name Brenda. Money further recommended hormone treatment, to which the parents agreed. Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused. Money published a number of papers reporting the reassignment as successful. |
||
| − | |||
| − | During subsequent appointments with Reimer and Reimer's twin brother Brian, Money forced the two to rehearse sexual acts, with David playing the bottom role as his brother "[pressed] his crotch against" David's buttocks. Money also forced the two children to strip for "genital inspections", occasionally taking photos. Money justified these acts by claiming that "childhood 'sexual rehearsal play{{' "}} was important for a "healthy adult gender identity".{{sfn|Colapinto|2001b}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | For several years, Money reported on Reimer's progress as the "John/Joan case", describing apparently successful female gender development and using this case to support the feasibility of [[Sex reassignment therapy|sex reassignment]] and [[Sex reassignment surgery|surgical reconstruction]] even in non-[[intersex]] cases. Notes by a former student at Money's laboratory state that, during the yearly follow-up visits, Reimer's parents routinely lied to staff about the success of the procedure. Reimer's twin brother, Brian, later developed [[schizophrenia]].<ref name="bbc-horizon-tv-followup">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dr_money_prog_summary.shtml |title=Dr Money and the Boy with No Penis: An experiment on nature versus nurture goes tragically wrong |date=2005 |website=BBC |series=Science & Nature: TV & Radio Follow-up – Horizon |publisher=BBC |accessdate=September 27, 2014}}</ref> |
||
| − | [[File:As Nature Made Him.jpg|thumb|[[David Reimer]] as 'Brenda', seen on the cover of ''As Nature Made Him'' by [[John Colapinto]].]] |
||
| − | David Reimer's case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to [[Milton Diamond]], an academic [[sexology|sexologist]], who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly.<ref name="PCSS">{{cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Milton|author2=Sigmundson, HK|title=Sex reassignment at birth. Long-term review and clinical implications.|journal=Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med|date=March 1997|volume=151|issue=3|pages=298–304|pmid=9080940|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/biblio/articles/1961to1999/1997-sex-reassignment.html|accessdate=15 May 2013|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015}}</ref> Soon after, Reimer went public with his story, and [[John Colapinto]] published a widely disseminated and influential account in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine in December 1997.<ref name="JohnJoan-pfc">{{cite journal |url=http://www.pfc.org.uk/news/1998/johnjoan.htm |last=Colapinto |first=John |title=The True Story of John/Joan |journal=Rolling Stone |date=December 11, 1997 |pages=54–97 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815095602/http://www.pfc.org.uk/news/1998/johnjoan.htm |archive-date=2000-08-15 |accessdate=2014-09-27}}</ref> This was later expanded into [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' best-selling]] biography ''As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl'' (2000),{{sfn|Koch|2017|p=143}} in which Colapinto described how—contrary to Money's reports—when living as Brenda, Reimer did not [[Gender identity|identify]] as a girl. He was ostracized and bullied by peers (who dubbed him "cavewoman"),<ref name="BBCHealthCheck">{{cite news|date=23 November 2010|title=Health Check: The Boy Who Was Raised a Girl|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-11814300|access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref>{{sfn|Karkazis|2008|p=74}} and neither frilly dresses,{{sfnm|1a1=Colapinto|1y=2001|1p=115|2a1=Warnke|2y=2008|2p=21}} nor female hormones made him feel female. |
||
| − | |||
| − | On July 1, 2002, Brian was found dead from an overdose of antidepressants. On May 4, 2004, after suffering years of severe [[Depression (mood)|depression]], financial instability, and marital troubles,<ref name="nyt-obit">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/12/us/david-reimer-38-subject-of-the-john-joan-case.html |title=David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case |date=May 12, 2004 |website=nytimes.com |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=2014-09-27}}</ref> David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a [[sawed-off shotgun]] at the age of 38. Reimer's parents have stated that Money's methodology was responsible for the deaths of both of their sons.<ref>"Born a Boy, Raised as a Girl" Documentary, The Learning Channel</ref> |
||
| − | |||
| − | Money argued that media response to the exposé was due to right-wing [[media bias]] and "the antifeminist movement." He said his detractors believed "masculinity and femininity are built into the genes so women should get back to the mattress and the kitchen".<ref name="reason">[[Jesse Walker|Walker, Jesse]] (24 May 2004). [http://reason.com/archives/2004/05/24/the-death-of-david-reimer The Death of David Reimer: A tale of sex, science, and abuse.] ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]''</ref> However, intersex activists also criticized Money, stating that the unreported failure had led to the surgical reassignment of thousands of infants as a matter of policy.<ref>[http://www.isna.org/faq/reimer Who was David Reimer (also, sadly, known as "John/Joan")?] via [[Intersex Society of North America]]. Retrieved 10 July 2006.</ref> Privately, Money was mortified by the case, colleagues said, and as a rule did not discuss it.<ref name="carey">Carey, Benedict (11 July 2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies], ''[[New York Times]]''</ref> Money's own views also developed and changed over the years.<ref name="diamond"/><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wisniewski | first1 = AB | last2 = Migeon | first2 = CJ | last3 = Gearhart | first3 = JP | last4 = Rock | first4 = JA | last5 = Berkovitz | first5 = GD | last6 = Plotnick | first6 = LP | last7 = Meyer-Bahlburg | first7 = HF | last8 = Money | first8 = J | year = 2001 | title = Congenital micropenis: long-term medical, surgical and psychosexual follow-up of individuals raised male or female | url = http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/intersex/mdfnl.html | journal = Hormone Research | volume = 56 | issue = 1-2| pages = 3–11 | pmid = 11815721 | doi = 10.1159/000048083 }}</ref>{{clarify|date=September 2018}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | ===Pedophilia opinions=== |
||
| − | John Money was critical in debates on [[chronophilia]]s, especially [[pedophilia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Janssen|first=Diederik|date=2017|title=John Money's "Chronophilia": Untimely Sex between Philias and Phylisms|url=http://www.sexual-offender-treatment.org/162.html|journal=Sexual Offender Treatment|volume=12|issue=1|pages=|via=}}</ref> He stated that both sexual researchers and the public do not make distinctions between affectional pedophilia and [[Sexual sadism disorder|sadistic]] pedophilia. Money asserted that affectional pedophilia was about love and not sex. |
||
| − | |||
| − | {{quote|If I were to see the case of a boy aged ten or eleven who's intensely erotically attracted toward a man in his twenties or thirties, if the relationship is totally mutual, and the bonding is genuinely totally mutual ... then I would not call it pathological in any way.<ref name="paidika">Interview: John Money. ''PAIDIKA: The Journal of {{Not a typo|Paedophilia}}'', Spring 1991, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 5.</ref><ref name="The True Story of John / Joan">{{cite web|author=Colapinto, John|url=http://www.psych.umn.edu/courses/fall06/yoonh/psy3135/articles/Colapinto_1997_part2.pdf|title=The True Story of John / Joan|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=December 1997|pages=54–97}}</ref>}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | Money held the view that affectional pedophilia is caused by a surplus of parental love that became erotic, and is not a behavioral disorder. Rather, he took the position that [[heterosexuality]] is another example of a societal and therefore superficial, ideological concept.<ref name="paidika"/><ref name="The True Story of John / Joan"/> |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==Works== |
||
| − | |||
| − | *Money, John. (1952). ''Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox''. Thesis (Ph.D.), [[Harvard University]]. |
||
| − | *Money, John, and Patricia Tucker. (1975). ''Sexual Signatures on Being a Man or a Woman.'' Little Brown & Co: {{ISBN|0-316-57825-8}} |
||
| − | *Money, John. (1986). ''Lovemaps: Clinical Concepts of Sexual/Erotic Health and Pathology, Paraphilia, and Gender Transposition in Childhood, Adolescence, and Maturity''. New York: Irvington. {{ISBN|0-8264-0852-4}} |
||
| − | *Money, John. (1988) ''Gay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Erotic Orientation''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-505407-5}} |
||
| − | *Money, John. (1989). ''Vandalized Lovemaps: Paraphilic Outcome of 7 Cases in Pediatric Sexology''. Prometheus Books: {{ISBN|0-87975-513-X}} |
||
| − | *Money, John. (1994). ''Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes: A Guide to Counseling Children, Adolescents, and Their Families '', 2nd ed. Baltimore: P.H. Brooks Publishing Company. {{ISBN|1-55766-150-2}} |
||
| − | *Money, John. (1995). ''Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History''. New York: Continuum. {{ISBN|0-8264-0852-4}} |
||
| − | *Money, John, and Anke Ehrhardt. (1996). ''Man & Woman, Boy & Girl: Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity''. Northvale, N.J.: Jason Aronson. Originally published: 1972 {{ISBN|0-8018-1406-5}} |
||
| − | *Money, John. (1999). ''The Lovemap Guidebook: A Definitive Statement''. Continuum. {{ISBN|0-8264-1203-3}} |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==See Also== |
||
| − | |||
| − | *''[[Intersexion]]'' - the impact of Money's theories on the treatment of intersex people is featured in this documentary |
||
| − | |||
| − | ==External links== |
||
| − | {{Wikiquote}} |
||
| − | *{{IMDb name|1645119}} |
||
| − | *[http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/library/money.html John Money Collection] via the [[Kinsey Institute]] |
||
| − | *[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/011/136eioki.asp Review of John Colapinto's book on John Money and David Reimer from "[[The Weekly Standard]]"] |
||
| − | * Joanne Silberner, [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5549668 The Legacy of Sex Researcher John Money], [[NPR]] |
||
== References == |
== References == |
||
[[Category: Biographies]] |
[[Category: Biographies]] |
||
| + | [[Category: Featured Articles]] |
||
[[Category: New Zealand]] |
[[Category: New Zealand]] |
||
[[category: United States]] |
[[category: United States]] |
||
Latest revision as of 06:17, 11 April 2023
This article contains information imported from the English Wikipedia. In most cases the page history will have details. If you need information on the importation and have difficulty obtaining it please contact the site administrators.
Wikipedia shows a strong woke bias. Text copied over from Wikipedia can be corrected and improved.
John William Money (8 July 1921 – 7 July 2006) was a New Zealand psychologist, sexologist and author known for his research into sexual identity and biology of gender. He was one of the first researchers to publish theories on the influence of societal constructs of gender on individual formation of gender identity. Money introduced the terms gender identity, gender role and sexual orientation and popularised the term paraphilia.
Working with endocrinologist Claude Migeon, Money established the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, the first clinic in the United States to perform sexual reassignment surgeries on both infants and adults. He spent a considerable amount of his career in the United States.
A 1997 academic study criticised Money's work in many respects, particularly in regard to the involuntary sex-reassignment of the child David Reimer. Reimer committed suicide at 38 and his brother died of an overdose at 36. Some of Money's therapy sessions involved sexual activity between the two brothers.
Researcher Mary Anne Case wrote that Money made "fraudulently deceptive claims about the malleability of gender in certain patients who had involuntarily undergone sex reassignment surgery" and that this fueled the anti-gender movement.[1]