Difference between revisions of "Conscription"
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[[File:Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[Royal Navy]] [[press gang]], 1780.]] |
[[File:Caricature-1780-press_gang.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a [[Royal Navy]] [[press gang]], 1780.]] |
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+ | |||
+ | [[File:GKVi3e-WQAArpIX.jpeg|thumb|[[Meme]] advocating for equality in conscription.]] |
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[[Conscription]] (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. With few exceptions conscription applies exclusively to men. |
[[Conscription]] (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. With few exceptions conscription applies exclusively to men. |
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Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force. |
Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force. |
||
− | Conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war; sexism, in that historically men have been subject to the draft in the most cases; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. Those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country, |
+ | Conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war; sexism, in that historically men have been subject to the draft in the most cases; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. Those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country, and seeking asylum in another country. Some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing alternative service outside combat-operations roles or even outside the military, such as Siviilipalvelus (alternative civil service) in Finland, Zivildienst (compulsory community service) in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Several countries conscript male soldiers not only for armed forces, but also for paramilitary agencies, which are dedicated to police-like domestic only service like internal troops, border guards or non-combat rescue duties like civil defence. |
− | As of 2022, many states no longer conscript soldiers, relying instead upon professional militaries with volunteers. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. Many states that have abolished conscription still, therefore, reserve the power to resume conscription during wartime or times of crisis. |
+ | As of 2022, many states no longer conscript soldiers, relying instead upon professional militaries with volunteers. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. Many states that have abolished conscription still, therefore, reserve the power to resume conscription during wartime or times of crisis. States involved in wars or interstate rivalries are most likely to implement conscription, and democracies are less likely than autocracies to implement conscription. With a few exceptions, such as Singapore and Egypt, former British colonies are less likely to have conscription, as they are influenced by British anti-conscription norms that can be traced back to the English Civil War; the United Kingdom abolished conscription in 1960. |
* http://womenalliance.org/no-to-female-conscription |
* http://womenalliance.org/no-to-female-conscription |
||
* https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/22/WS5e27a9f7a310128217272b2b.html |
* https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202001/22/WS5e27a9f7a310128217272b2b.html |
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+ | |||
+ | == Feminism == |
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+ | |||
+ | [[File:2024-04-15-135423_597x133_scrot.png|400px]] |
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+ | |||
+ | Feminists sometimes argue women should not be conscripted because they are needed to produced children. This argument is at odds with other feminist arguments and the birthrate in Western nations.<ref>https://twitter.com/michellmybell1/status/1779600355900150088</ref><ref>https://archive.is/wip/LUtB7</ref> |
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+ | |||
+ | == Table == |
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{| class="sortable wikitable" |
{| class="sortable wikitable" |
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Line 30: | Line 40: | ||
|- |
|- |
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|Angola |
|Angola |
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+ | |20-45 |
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− | | |
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− | | |
+ | |24 |
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Line 42: | Line 52: | ||
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|Armenia |
|Armenia |
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+ | |18-27 |
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− | | |
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− | | |
+ | |24 |
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Line 101: | Line 111: | ||
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+ | |Cape Verde |
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− | | |
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Line 107: | Line 117: | ||
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+ | |Chad |
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− | | |
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Line 113: | Line 123: | ||
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+ | |Chile |
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− | | |
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Line 119: | Line 129: | ||
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+ | |China |
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− | | |
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Line 125: | Line 135: | ||
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+ | |Colombia |
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− | | |
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Line 131: | Line 141: | ||
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+ | |Congo |
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− | | |
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Line 137: | Line 147: | ||
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+ | |Cuba |
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− | | |
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Line 143: | Line 153: | ||
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+ | |Cyprus |
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− | | |
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Line 149: | Line 159: | ||
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+ | |Denmark |
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− | | |
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Line 155: | Line 165: | ||
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+ | |Egypt |
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− | | |
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Line 161: | Line 171: | ||
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+ | |El Salvador |
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− | | |
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Line 167: | Line 177: | ||
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+ | |Equatorial Guinea |
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− | | |
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Line 173: | Line 183: | ||
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+ | |Eritrea |
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− | | |
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− | |- |
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|- |
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+ | |Estonia |
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− | | |
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Line 186: | Line 195: | ||
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+ | |Ethiopia |
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− | | |
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Line 192: | Line 201: | ||
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+ | |Finland |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Georgia |
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Line 198: | Line 213: | ||
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+ | |Greece |
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− | | |
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Line 204: | Line 219: | ||
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+ | |Guatamala |
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− | | |
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Line 210: | Line 225: | ||
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+ | |Guinea-Bissau |
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− | | |
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Line 216: | Line 231: | ||
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+ | |Indonesia |
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− | | |
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Line 222: | Line 237: | ||
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+ | |Iran |
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− | | |
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Line 228: | Line 243: | ||
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+ | |Israel |
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− | | |
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Line 234: | Line 249: | ||
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+ | |Ivory Coast |
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− | | |
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Line 240: | Line 255: | ||
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+ | |Jordan |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Kazakhstan |
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Line 246: | Line 267: | ||
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+ | |Kuwait |
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− | | |
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Line 252: | Line 273: | ||
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+ | |Kyrgystan |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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|- |
|- |
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+ | |Laos |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Lithuania |
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Line 259: | Line 291: | ||
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+ | |Mali |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Mexico |
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Line 265: | Line 303: | ||
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+ | |Moldova |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Mongolia |
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Line 271: | Line 315: | ||
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+ | |Moroco |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Mozanbique |
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Line 277: | Line 327: | ||
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+ | |Myanmar |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Niger |
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Line 283: | Line 339: | ||
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+ | |North Korea |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Norway |
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Line 289: | Line 351: | ||
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+ | |Paraguay |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Poland |
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Line 295: | Line 363: | ||
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+ | |Portugal |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Qatar |
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Line 301: | Line 375: | ||
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+ | |Russia |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |San Marino |
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Line 307: | Line 387: | ||
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+ | |San Tome and Principe |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Senegal |
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Line 313: | Line 399: | ||
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+ | |Singapore |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Slovakia |
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Line 319: | Line 411: | ||
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+ | |Somalia |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |South Korea |
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Line 325: | Line 423: | ||
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+ | |South Sudan |
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− | |- |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Spain |
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Line 332: | Line 435: | ||
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+ | |Sudan |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Sweden |
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Line 338: | Line 447: | ||
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+ | |Switzerland |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Syria |
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Line 344: | Line 459: | ||
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+ | |Taiwan |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Tajikistan |
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Line 350: | Line 471: | ||
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+ | |Thailand |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Timor-Leste |
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Line 356: | Line 483: | ||
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+ | |Tunisia |
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− | | |
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Line 362: | Line 489: | ||
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+ | |Turkey |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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|- |
|- |
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+ | |Turkmenistan |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Ukraine |
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Line 369: | Line 507: | ||
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+ | |United Arab Emirate |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |United States |
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Line 375: | Line 519: | ||
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+ | |Uruguay |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Uzbekistan |
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Line 381: | Line 531: | ||
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+ | |Venezuela |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | | |
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+ | |- |
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+ | |Vietnam |
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Line 403: | Line 559: | ||
{{Conscription}} |
{{Conscription}} |
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+ | {{Draft}} |
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{{Gynocentrism}} |
{{Gynocentrism}} |
||
{{Wikipedia}} |
{{Wikipedia}} |
Latest revision as of 03:58, 15 April 2024
Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. With few exceptions conscription applies exclusively to men.
Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force.
Conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war; sexism, in that historically men have been subject to the draft in the most cases; and ideological objection, for example, to a perceived violation of individual rights. Those conscripted may evade service, sometimes by leaving the country, and seeking asylum in another country. Some selection systems accommodate these attitudes by providing alternative service outside combat-operations roles or even outside the military, such as Siviilipalvelus (alternative civil service) in Finland, Zivildienst (compulsory community service) in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. Several countries conscript male soldiers not only for armed forces, but also for paramilitary agencies, which are dedicated to police-like domestic only service like internal troops, border guards or non-combat rescue duties like civil defence.
As of 2022, many states no longer conscript soldiers, relying instead upon professional militaries with volunteers. The ability to rely on such an arrangement, however, presupposes some degree of predictability with regard to both war-fighting requirements and the scope of hostilities. Many states that have abolished conscription still, therefore, reserve the power to resume conscription during wartime or times of crisis. States involved in wars or interstate rivalries are most likely to implement conscription, and democracies are less likely than autocracies to implement conscription. With a few exceptions, such as Singapore and Egypt, former British colonies are less likely to have conscription, as they are influenced by British anti-conscription norms that can be traced back to the English Civil War; the United Kingdom abolished conscription in 1960.
Feminism
Feminists sometimes argue women should not be conscripted because they are needed to produced children. This argument is at odds with other feminist arguments and the birthrate in Western nations.[1][2]
Table
Country | Men | Women | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age Range | Duration (months) | Age Range | Duration (months) | |
Algeria | 19-30 | 12 | ||
Angola | 20-45 | 24 | ||
Argentina | ||||
Armenia | 18-27 | 24 | ||
Austria | ||||
Azerbaijan | ||||
Belarus | ||||
Belize | ||||
Benin | ||||
Bhutan | ||||
Bolivia | ||||
Brazil | ||||
Cambodia | ||||
Cape Verde | ||||
Chad | ||||
Chile | ||||
China | ||||
Colombia | ||||
Congo | ||||
Cuba | ||||
Cyprus | ||||
Denmark | ||||
Egypt | ||||
El Salvador | ||||
Equatorial Guinea | ||||
Eritrea | ||||
Estonia | ||||
Ethiopia | ||||
Finland | ||||
Georgia | ||||
Greece | ||||
Guatamala | ||||
Guinea-Bissau | ||||
Indonesia | ||||
Iran | ||||
Israel | ||||
Ivory Coast | ||||
Jordan | ||||
Kazakhstan | ||||
Kuwait | ||||
Kyrgystan | ||||
Laos | ||||
Lithuania | ||||
Mali | ||||
Mexico | ||||
Moldova | ||||
Mongolia | ||||
Moroco | ||||
Mozanbique | ||||
Myanmar | ||||
Niger | ||||
North Korea | ||||
Norway | ||||
Paraguay | ||||
Poland | ||||
Portugal | ||||
Qatar | ||||
Russia | ||||
San Marino | ||||
San Tome and Principe | ||||
Senegal | ||||
Singapore | ||||
Slovakia | ||||
Somalia | ||||
South Korea | ||||
South Sudan | ||||
Spain | ||||
Sudan | ||||
Sweden | ||||
Switzerland | ||||
Syria | ||||
Taiwan | ||||
Tajikistan | ||||
Thailand | ||||
Timor-Leste | ||||
Tunisia | ||||
Turkey | ||||
Turkmenistan | ||||
Ukraine | ||||
United Arab Emirate | ||||
United States | ||||
Uruguay | ||||
Uzbekistan | ||||
Venezuela | ||||
Vietnam |
See Also
External Links
References
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