Difference between revisions of "STEM 365"

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This will be a list of 365 men that have made outstanding contributions in a STEM field. All birth dates listed are in the Gregorian Calendar even if this calendar was not in use at the time and location of their birth. In some cases birth dates may be approximate. The list should not include men who's principal contributions were in the development or use of weapons.
 +
This will be a list of 365 men that have made outstanding contributions in a STEM field. All birth dates listed are in the Gregorian Calendar even if this calendar was not in use at the time and location of their birth. In some cases birth dates may be approximate. The list should not include men who's principal contributions were in the development or use of weapons. Names on the list may be replaced if better candidates are discovered.
   
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
  
{| class="sortable wikitable"
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|January
  
|January
 
|1894
  
|1894
−
|Satyendra Nath Bose
 +
|[[Satyendra Nath Bose]]
−
|Physicist. Collaborated with Albert Einstein to establish Bose-Einstein statistics, which is fundamental to modern physics.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_01.htm</ref>
 +
|Physicist. Polymath. Collaborated with Albert Einstein to establish Bose-Einstein statistics, which is fundamental to modern physics.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_01.htm</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|2
  
|2
 
|January
  
|January
 
|1941
  
|1941
−
|Donald B. Keck
 +
|[[Donald B. Keck]]
 
|Invented optical fiber.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_02.htm</ref>
  
|Invented optical fiber.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_02.htm</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
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|January
  
|January
 
|1906
  
|1906
−
|William Wilson Morgan
 +
|[[William Wilson Morgan]]
 
|Established that the Milky Way galaxy has spiral arms and co-developed stellar luminosity classes.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_03.htm</ref>
  
|Established that the Milky Way galaxy has spiral arms and co-developed stellar luminosity classes.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_03.htm</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
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|January
  
|January
 
|1809
  
|1809
−
|Louis Braille
 +
|[[Louis Braille]]
 
|Developed Braille writing, now widely used by people with sight impairment.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_04.htm</ref>
  
|Developed Braille writing, now widely used by people with sight impairment.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_04.htm</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
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|January
  
|January
 
|1909
  
|1909
−
|Stephen Cole Kleene
 +
|[[Stephen Cole Kleene]]
 
|Mathematician. His work underpins theoretical computer science.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_05.htm</ref>
  
|Mathematician. His work underpins theoretical computer science.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_05.htm</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
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|January
  
|January
 
|1906
  
|1906
−
|Jacques Étienne Montgolfier
 +
|[[Jacques Étienne Montgolfier]]
 
|Co-developed the hot-air balloon with his brother Jacques Étienne Montgolfier.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_06.htm</ref>
  
|Co-developed the hot-air balloon with his brother Jacques Étienne Montgolfier.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_06.htm</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
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|1950
  
|1950
 
|Sir Alec Jefferys
  
|Sir Alec Jefferys
−
|Geneticist. Discovered how to ''DNA fingerprint'' individual humans. This has been used to exonerate many falsely accused people.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_09.htm</ref>
 +
|Geneticist. Discovered how to ''DNA fingerprint'' individual humans. This has been used to exonerate many who have been [[falsely accused]].<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_09.htm</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|10
  
|10
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|Polymath.
  
|Polymath.
 
|-
  
|-
−
|
 +
|18
  +
|January
−
|
  
  +
|1880
−
|
  
  +
|Paul Ehrenfest
−
|
  
  +
|Theoretical physicist. Made significant contributions to statistical mechanics.
−
|
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|19
  
|19
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|James Watt
  
|James Watt
 
|Engineer and inventor. Watt's steam engine contributed substantially to the industrial revolution.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_19.htm</ref>
  
|Engineer and inventor. Watt's steam engine contributed substantially to the industrial revolution.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_19.htm</ref>
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|-
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|
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|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
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|-
  +
|4
  +
|February
  +
|1943
  +
|Kenneth Lane Thompson
  +
|Co-developed the UNIX operating system which revolutionised computing.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|18
  +
|February
  +
|1745
  +
|Alessandro Volta
  +
|Credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|19
  
|19
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|1844
  
|1844
 
|Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
  
|Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann
−
|Founded the field of statistical mechanics.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/2/2_20.htm</ref>
 +
|Founded the field of statistical mechanics.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/2/2_20.htm</ref> Proposed the Boltzmann brain thought experiment.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|Carl Josef Bayer
  
|Carl Josef Bayer
 
|Developed the process to cheaply extract Aluminium from Bauxite.
  
|Developed the process to cheaply extract Aluminium from Bauxite.
  +
|-
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
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|-
  +
|9
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|March
  +
|1934
  +
|Yuri Gagarin
  +
|First man to travel in to space.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|1858
  
|1858
 
|Rudolf Diesel
  
|Rudolf Diesel
  +
|Invented the Diesel engine.
−
|Inventor, Mechanical Engineer
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|Paul Erdős
  
|Paul Erdős
 
|Mathematician. Known for living an itinerant lifestyle in his later years in which he travelled the world and collaborated with world-class mathematicians on solving extremely difficult problems. Continues to be remembered in the Erdős Number.
  
|Mathematician. Known for living an itinerant lifestyle in his later years in which he travelled the world and collaborated with world-class mathematicians on solving extremely difficult problems. Continues to be remembered in the Erdős Number.
  +
|-
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|29
  +
|March
  +
|1821
  +
|William Lyman
  +
|Credited with inventing the rotating wheel can opener.
  +
|-
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|31
  +
|March
  +
|1596
  +
|René Descartes
  +
|Philosopher, mathematician and scientist.
  +
|-
  +
|1
  +
|April
  +
|1578
  +
|William Harvey
  +
|First to accurately describe how blood circulates in the body.
  +
|-
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
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|
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|-
  +
|5
  +
|April
  +
|1827
  +
|Joseph Lister
  +
|Pioneer of antiseptic surgery.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|1806
  
|1806
 
|Isambard Kingdom Brunel
  
|Isambard Kingdom Brunel
−
|Prolific engineer & inventor
 +
|Prolific engineer & inventor.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|1452
  
|1452
 
|Leonardo da Vinci
  
|Leonardo da Vinci
−
|Polymath
 +
|Polymath.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|Max Planck
  
|Max Planck
 
|Founder of quantum theory.
  
|Founder of quantum theory.
  +
|-
  +
|30
  +
|April
  +
|1777
  +
|[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]]
  +
|Mathematician and physicist that made significant contributions in both fields.
  +
|-
  +
|8
  +
|May
  +
|1786
  +
|Thomas Hancock
  +
|Invented the masticator, a machine used to recycle and reshape rubber scraps. This technology resulted in many new uses for rubber.<ref>https://www.thoughtco.com/thomas-hancock-elastic-1991608</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|May
  
|May
 
|1918
  
|1918
−
|Richard Feynman
 +
|[[Richard Feynman]]
 
|Prolific physicist. Developed ''Feynmann Diagrams''.
  
|Prolific physicist. Developed ''Feynmann Diagrams''.
 
|-
  
|-
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|
  
|
 
|
  
|
  +
|-
  +
|22
  +
|June
  +
|1910
  +
|Konrad Zuse
  +
|Developed the first electronic programmable computer.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|23
  
|23
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|1912
  
|1912
 
|Alan Turing
  
|Alan Turing
−
|Computer Scientist, Mathematician.
 +
|Computer Scientist, Mathematician. Developed the theoretical underpinnings of modern computing.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|Gregor Mendel
  
|Gregor Mendel
 
|Founder of the science of Genetics.
  
|Founder of the science of Genetics.
  +
|-
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|22
  +
|July
  +
|1888
  +
|Selman Waksman
  +
|Discovered streptomycin, which was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|John Dalton
  
|John Dalton
 
|Proposed modern atomic theory.
  
|Proposed modern atomic theory.
  +
|-
  +
|
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|
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|
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|
  +
|
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|-
  +
|9
  +
|September
  +
|1941
  +
|Dennis Ritchie
  +
|Developed the C programming language and co-developed UNIX. Both revolutionised computing.
  +
|-
  +
|
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|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|16
  +
|September
  +
|1913
  +
|Ermal Cleon "Ernie" Fraze
  +
|Invented the pull-tab, also known as the ring pull, used in canned beverages and increasingly canned food.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|
  
|
 
|
  
|
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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|24
  +
|September
 
|
  
|
 
|
  
|
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|1901
  
|1901
 
|Enrico Fermi
  
|Enrico Fermi
−
|Prolifit physicist.
 +
|Prolific physicist.
  +
|-
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|
  +
|-
  +
|2
  +
|October
  +
|1852
  +
|William Ramsey
  +
|Predicted and then discovered each noble gas. Created the world's first Neon light.<ref>https://www.famousscientists.org/william-ramsay/</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsay</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|1885
  
|1885
 
|Niels Bohr
  
|Niels Bohr
−
|Physicist.
 +
|Eminent Physicist.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
Line 704: Line 848:
 
|Frederick Banting
  
|Frederick Banting
 
|Co-discoverer of insulin.
  
|Co-discoverer of insulin.
  +
|-
  +
|15
  +
|November
  +
|1738
  +
|William Herschel
  +
|Distinguished astronomer. Discovered Uranus.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
Line 716: Line 866:
 
|Edwin Hubble
  
|Edwin Hubble
 
|Responsible for major advances in astronomy and cosmology.
  
|Responsible for major advances in astronomy and cosmology.
  +
|-
  +
|26
  +
|November
  +
|1876
  +
|[[Willis Carrier]]
  +
|Invented the air conditioner.
  +
|-
  +
|27
  +
|November
  +
|1701
  +
|Anders Celsius
  +
|Physicist, astronomer and mathematicians. Brought us the Celsius scale for temperature.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|1852
  
|1852
 
|Henri Becquerel
  
|Henri Becquerel
  +
|Shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie in 1903.
−
|
  
  +
|-
  +
|16
  +
|December
  +
|1917
  +
|Arthur C. Clarke
  +
|Science fiction writer. Made significant contributions to popularising science.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|
  
|
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|December
  
|December
 
|1887
  
|1887
−
|Srinivasa Ramanujan
 +
|[[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]
 
|One of the greatest mathematicians of his time.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_22.htm</ref>
  
|One of the greatest mathematicians of his time.<ref>https://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_22.htm</ref>
 
|-
  
|-
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|1791
  
|1791
 
|Charles Babbage
  
|Charles Babbage
−
|Father of the computer
 +
|Father of the computer.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|27
  
|27
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|1903
  
|1903
 
|John von Neumann
  
|John von Neumann
−
|Polymath
 +
|Polymath.
 
|-
  
|-
 
|29
  
|29
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|}
  
|}
   
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{{Draft}}
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== References ==
  
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{{STEM 365}}
  +
{{What Men Do}}
   
  +
== References ==
−
[[Category: STEM 365]]
  

Latest revision as of 01:08, 17 June 2023

This will be a list of 365 men that have made outstanding contributions in a STEM field. All birth dates listed are in the Gregorian Calendar even if this calendar was not in use at the time and location of their birth. In some cases birth dates may be approximate. The list should not include men who's principal contributions were in the development or use of weapons. Names on the list may be replaced if better candidates are discovered.

Day Month Year Name Notes
1 January 1894 Satyendra Nath Bose Physicist. Polymath. Collaborated with Albert Einstein to establish Bose-Einstein statistics, which is fundamental to modern physics.[1]
2 January 1941 Donald B. Keck Invented optical fiber.[2]
3 January 1906 William Wilson Morgan Established that the Milky Way galaxy has spiral arms and co-developed stellar luminosity classes.[3]
4 January 1809 Louis Braille Developed Braille writing, now widely used by people with sight impairment.[4]
5 January 1909 Stephen Cole Kleene Mathematician. His work underpins theoretical computer science.[5]
6 January 1906 Jacques Étienne Montgolfier Co-developed the hot-air balloon with his brother Jacques Étienne Montgolfier.[6]
7 January 1871 Émile Borel Mathematician. Made important contributions to probability theory and was an early researcher in game theory.[7]
8 January 1942 Stephen W. Hawking World famous and influential astrophysicist and cosmologist.[8]
9 January 1950 Sir Alec Jefferys Geneticist. Discovered how to DNA fingerprint individual humans. This has been used to exonerate many who have been falsely accused.[9]
10 January 1911 Norman Heatley Biochemist. Developed a method of mass producing penicillin resulting in its wide availability.
11 January 1887 Aldo Leopold Prominent early environmentalist.
12 January 1579 Jan Baptista van Helmont Coined the term 'gas' and was the first to establish the existence of gasses other than air.
13 January 1864 Wilhelm Wien Prolific physicist. Discovered the proton.
14 January 1801 Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart Considered to be the founder of modern paleobotany.
15 January 1785 William Prout Various discoveries. Advanced understanding of atomic physics. His work influenced the naming of the proton by Ernest Rutherford.[10]
16 January 1477 Johannes Schöner Mathematician, astronomer and geographer. Early and influential globe-maker.[11]
17 January 1706 Benjamin Franklin Polymath.
18 January 1880 Paul Ehrenfest Theoretical physicist. Made significant contributions to statistical mechanics.
19 January 1736 James Watt Engineer and inventor. Watt's steam engine contributed substantially to the industrial revolution.[12]
4 February 1943 Kenneth Lane Thompson Co-developed the UNIX operating system which revolutionised computing.
8 February 1834 Dmitri Mendeleev Chemist and Inventor. Formulated the Periodic Law.
9 February 1846 Wilhelm Maybach Engineer. Pioneer in the development of the automobile.[13]
12 February 1809 Charles Darwin Established the idea of evolution through natural selection.
15 February 1564 Galileo Galilei Polymath.
18 February 1745 Alessandro Volta Credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.[14]
19 February 1943 Nicolaus Copernicus
20 February 1844 Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann Founded the field of statistical mechanics.[15] Proposed the Boltzmann brain thought experiment.
27 February 1899 Charles Best Co-discoverer of insulin.
28 February 1901 Linus Pauling Chemist, Biochemist, Chemical Engineer.
3 March 1847 Alexander Graham Bell Prolific inventor.
4 March 1847 Carl Josef Bayer Developed the process to cheaply extract Aluminium from Bauxite.
9 March 1934 Yuri Gagarin First man to travel in to space.
11 March 1926 Thomas Starzl Pioneered organ transplantation.
14 March 1879 Albert Einstein Mathematician. Proposed both special and general relativity. His work helped to establish quantum mechanics even though he always rejected it.
18 March 1858 Rudolf Diesel Invented the Diesel engine.
23 March 1913 Paul Erdős Mathematician. Known for living an itinerant lifestyle in his later years in which he travelled the world and collaborated with world-class mathematicians on solving extremely difficult problems. Continues to be remembered in the Erdős Number.
29 March 1821 William Lyman Credited with inventing the rotating wheel can opener.
31 March 1596 René Descartes Philosopher, mathematician and scientist.
1 April 1578 William Harvey First to accurately describe how blood circulates in the body.
5 April 1827 Joseph Lister Pioneer of antiseptic surgery.
9 April 1806 Isambard Kingdom Brunel Prolific engineer & inventor.
15 April 1452 Leonardo da Vinci Polymath.
21 April 1909 Józef Kosacki Invented the first portable mine detector.
22 April 1946 Paul Davies Prolific physicist.
23 April 1858 Max Planck Founder of quantum theory.
30 April 1777 Carl Friedrich Gauss Mathematician and physicist that made significant contributions in both fields.
8 May 1786 Thomas Hancock Invented the masticator, a machine used to recycle and reshape rubber scraps. This technology resulted in many new uses for rubber.[16]
11 May 1918 Richard Feynman Prolific physicist. Developed Feynmann Diagrams.
15 May 1859 Pierre Curie
17 May 1749 Edward Jenner
22 May 1814 Joseph-Louis Lambot Co-inventor of Ferro-cement along with Joseph Monier.[17]
23 May 1707 Carl Linnaeus Early and influential ecologist.
1 June 1907 Frank Whittle Invented the Turbojet engine.
8 June 1916 Tim Berners-Lee Developed the World Wide Web.
9 June 1781 George Stephenson Engineer, inventor and pioneer of rail transportation.
13 June 1928 John Nash Fundamental contributor to game theory.
15 June 1915 Fred Hoyle Formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis - that stars are powered by nuclear fusion. Proponent of panspermia. Coined the term Big Bang as a derogatory term for what was then a new theory.
19 June 1623 Blaise Pascal Developed probability theory in mathematics.
22 June 1910 Konrad Zuse Developed the first electronic programmable computer.
23 June 1912 Alan Turing Computer Scientist, Mathematician. Developed the theoretical underpinnings of modern computing.
1 July 1646 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Polymath.
2 July 1906 Hans Albrecht Bethe Physicist. Conducted seminal work on quantum mechanics.[18]
3 July 1935 Harrison “Jack” Schmitt Scientist-Astronaut. Spent three days on the Lunar surface as part of the Apollo 17 mission.[19]
4 July 1883 Rube Goldberg Engineer & cartoonist. Satirised modern society's preoccupation with technology. Established the concept of the Rube Goldberg machine.[20]
10 July 1856 Nikola Tesla Prolific inventor.
12 July 1895 Buckminster Fuller Prolific inventor.
20 July 1822 Gregor Mendel Founder of the science of Genetics.
22 July 1888 Selman Waksman Discovered streptomycin, which was the first effective treatment for tuberculosis.
6 August 1881 Alexander Flemming Discovered penicillin.
14 August 1777 Hans Oersted Discovered the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields, an important step paving the way towards the use of electricity.
23 August 1769 Georges Cuvier Founder of Paleontology.
24 August 1918 Ray McIntire Invented Styrofoam.[21]
26 August 1906 Albert Bruce Sabin Developed the first oral polio vaccine.[22]
30 August 1871 Ernest Rutherford Physicist. Established the existence of the atomic nucleus.
6 September 1766 John Dalton Proposed modern atomic theory.
9 September 1941 Dennis Ritchie Developed the C programming language and co-developed UNIX. Both revolutionised computing.
16 September 1913 Ermal Cleon "Ernie" Fraze Invented the pull-tab, also known as the ring pull, used in canned beverages and increasingly canned food.
22 September 1791 Michael Faraday Prolific and influential scientist.
24 September
25 September 1866 Thomas Hunt Morgan Established the chromosome theory of heredity.
26 September 1754 Joseph-Louis Proust Found an important result leading to the modern science of chemistry.
27 September 1925 Sir Robert Edwards Codeveloped in-vitro fertilization (IVF) of the human egg.
29 September 1901 Enrico Fermi Prolific physicist.
2 October 1852 William Ramsey Predicted and then discovered each noble gas. Created the world's first Neon light.[23][24]
5 October 1882 Robert Goddard Developed the first liquid-fuel rocket.
7 October 1885 Niels Bohr Eminent Physicist.
16 October 1803 Robert Stephenson Engineer, inventor, and pioneer of rail transportation.
1 November 1880 Alfred Wegener Originator of the theory of continental drift.
8 November 1922 Christiaan Barnard Cardiac surgeon. Performed the world's first human-to-human-heart transplant.
14 November 1891 Frederick Banting Co-discoverer of insulin.
15 November 1738 William Herschel Distinguished astronomer. Discovered Uranus.
20 November 1889 Edwin Hubble Responsible for major advances in astronomy and cosmology.
26 November 1876 Willis Carrier Invented the air conditioner.
27 November 1701 Anders Celsius Physicist, astronomer and mathematicians. Brought us the Celsius scale for temperature.
14 December 1546 Tycho Brahe
15 December 1852 Henri Becquerel Shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie in 1903.
16 December 1917 Arthur C. Clarke Science fiction writer. Made significant contributions to popularising science.
21 December 1803 Joseph Whitworth Engineer, Inventor.
22 December 1887 Srinivasa Ramanujan One of the greatest mathematicians of his time.[25]
25 December 1642 Sir Isaac Newton Polymath.[26]
26 December 1791 Charles Babbage Father of the computer.
27 December 1822 Louis Pasteur
28 December 1903 John von Neumann Polymath.
29 December 1800 Charles Goodyear Developed the process for vulcanizing rubber.
30 December 1954 Rodney Allen Brooks Pioneer in artificial intelligence and robotics. Founded the company that produced the Roomba automated floor cleaner.[27]
31 December 1929 Jeremy Bernstein Physicist and prolific science educator.


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References

  1. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_01.htm
  2. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_02.htm
  3. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_03.htm
  4. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_04.htm
  5. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_05.htm
  6. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_06.htm
  7. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_07.htm
  8. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_08.htm
  9. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_09.htm
  10. ↑ https://todayinsci.com/1/1_15.htm
  11. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_16.htm
  12. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/1/1_19.htm
  13. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/2/2_09.htm
  14. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Volta
  15. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/2/2_20.htm
  16. ↑ https://www.thoughtco.com/thomas-hancock-elastic-1991608
  17. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lambot
  18. ↑ https://todayinsci.com/7/7_02.htm
  19. ↑ https://todayinsci.com/7/7_03.htm
  20. ↑ https://todayinsci.com/7/7_04.htm
  21. ↑ https://todayinsci.com/8/8_24.htm
  22. ↑ https://todayinsci.com/8/8_26.htm
  23. ↑ https://www.famousscientists.org/william-ramsay/
  24. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ramsay
  25. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_22.htm
  26. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_25.htm
  27. ↑ https://www.todayinsci.com/12/12_30.htm
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