Difference between revisions of "Women's spaces"

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A high proportion of human societies have chosen some form of '''gender segregation''' and it is one of the biggest criticisms westerners often level at non-western societies. In recent years there is evidence that western civilisation may be adopting increased gender segregation.
  
   
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[[Women's spaces]] are areas or organisations which are reserved for the use of women. Until around 2015 men were rarely permitted access to women's spaces. Since the rise of the [[trans movement]] around that time [[trans women]] have been entering women's spaces with support from the government. As a result of the loss of [[men's spaces]] starting the 20th century, many men are unwilling to do anything to stop the loss of women's spaces in the 21st century.
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A lot of gender segregation in western countries is being driven by feminists who state that they often feel threatened by men, sometimes merely by their presence.<ref>http://www.feministtimes.com/men-know-your-place/</ref> Women continue to form many women-only organisations in western countries (such as gyms).<ref>http://fitnessmarketing.com/2011/04/are-women-only-gyms-guilty-of-discrimination/</ref> Other segregated areas include women-only hotel floors<ref>http://www.bcbusiness.ca/marketing-media/vancouvers-women-only-hotel-floor</ref><ref>http://www.cpmsp.com/hotel-for-women.php</ref> with a prediction of women-only hotels soon. This is a growing trend.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/amadeus-it-pacific-reports-female-only-floors-needed-in-hotels/story-e6frfq80-1226595825229</ref> Women only restaurants are becoming common too.<ref>http://thelibertarianrepublic.com/women-only-dining-is-there-a-double-standard/</ref>
  
   
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== Examples of Women's Spaces ==
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There is even a Lesbian-only cemetery in Germany.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/world/germany-opens-lesbianonly-cemetery-20140407-zqrlp.html</ref>
  
   
  +
=== Cemeteries ===
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The city of Hamilton New Zealand plans to ban men from a ''public'' swimming pool during certain times, creating women-only swimming sessions.<ref>http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/10004301/Man-ban-at-public-pool</ref> US universities have female only education sessions<ref>http://www.king5.com/story/news/local/seattle/2015/03/14/girls-learn-science-and-math/24776455/?fb_action_ids=10152897402564064&fb_action_types=og.comments&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map=%5B753232754792712%5D&action_type_map=%5B%22og.comments%22%5D&action_ref_map=%5B%5D</ref>
  
   
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There is a Lesbian-only cemetery in Germany.<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/world/germany-opens-lesbianonly-cemetery-20140407-zqrlp.html</ref>
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Australia, China, Kuwait, Malaysia, Indonesia, Austria, Italy, and South Korea now have women-only parking spaces in some areas.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/perth-carpark-trials-female-friendly-parking-zones/news-story/e8e1d21668ed056ce92f75f5aba43e74</ref>
  
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<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2636430/South-Korea-introduces-women-parking-spaces-longer-wider.html</ref> This practice is even more widespread in Germany.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3180400/Ladies-parking-spaces-introduced-Frankfurt-airport-bigger-nicer-close-terminals-spark-sexism-row-Germany.html</ref><ref>http://www.thelocal.de/20150730/women-only-parking-spaces-sensible-or-sexist</ref>
  
   
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=== Domestic Violence Shelters ===
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Jessica Valenti, a well known feminist blogger, has explicitly proposed gender segregation on public transport.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/07/gender-segregated-transport-women-men-behaving-badly</ref> Some countries are already doing it. There are women-only bus seats in Switzerland.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/AntiFeminismAustralia/photos/p.1585333115066548/1585333115066548/?type=1&theater</ref> There are women-only train carriages in Malaysia<ref>https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10204605520002658&set=gm.915818205141951&type=1&theater</ref>, Germany<ref>http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/03/26/german-railway-launches-gender-segregated-carriages-in-wake-of-sex-attacks/</ref> and other countries.
  
  +
  +
Throughout the world, domestic violence shelters are nearly universally available only to women.
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  +
=== Gyms ===
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Women-only gyms are common throughout [[the West]] and widely known about.<ref>http://fitnessmarketing.com/2011/04/are-women-only-gyms-guilty-of-discrimination/</ref>
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  +
=== Hotels ===
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  +
There are now many women-only hotel floors<ref>http://www.bcbusiness.ca/marketing-media/vancouvers-women-only-hotel-floor</ref><ref>http://www.cpmsp.com/hotel-for-women.php</ref> and hotels.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/som-dona-hotel-mallorca-women-only-hotel-misogyny-sexism-a9124431.html</ref><ref>https://www.asiaone.com/lifestyle/7-women-only-hotels-your-next-vacation</ref> This is a growing trend.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/amadeus-it-pacific-reports-female-only-floors-needed-in-hotels/story-e6frfq80-1226595825229</ref>
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  +
This is one of the few examples where an equivalent exists for men. There are a few hotels around the world that advertise as men-only although it is unlikely that this is enforced in western nations. Some monasteries restrict room rentals to men.
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  +
=== Markets ===
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A women-only market has recently opened in London.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-50426904</ref>
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  +
=== Music Concerts ===
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  +
In 2018 the [[Statement festival]] was held in Sweden. This event was only open to [[non-men]].<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/world/europe/sweden-statement-festival-women.html</ref> The festival was found to be in violation of the country's discrimination laws.<ref>https://gosocial.co/swedens-first-no-men-allowed-festival-found-guilty-of-discrimination</ref> It appears that the despite the ruling the festival went ahead as an environment admitting only non-men.
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=== Nightclubs ===
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The [[Lick club]] is a women-only event held at nightclubs around the UK.<ref>https://www.femalista.com/no-men-allowed-club-night-is-opening-in-the-uk-and-women-love-it/</ref>
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  +
=== Parking Spaces & Roads ===
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  +
Australia, China, Kuwait, Malaysia, Indonesia, Austria, Italy, and South Korea now have women-only parking spaces in some areas.<ref>http://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/perth-carpark-trials-female-friendly-parking-zones/news-story/e8e1d21668ed056ce92f75f5aba43e74</ref>
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<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2636430/South-Korea-introduces-women-parking-spaces-longer-wider.html</ref>
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<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRtOqzOm4Iw</ref>
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This practice is even more widespread in Germany.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3180400/Ladies-parking-spaces-introduced-Frankfurt-airport-bigger-nicer-close-terminals-spark-sexism-row-Germany.html</ref><ref>http://www.thelocal.de/20150730/women-only-parking-spaces-sensible-or-sexist</ref> The town of Triberg in Germany created male-only and female-only parking spaces, allocating the more difficult parking spaces to men.<ref>https://autos.yahoo.com/blogs/motoramic/men-more-difficult-parking-spots-women-under-mayor-17465310</ref> It is unclear if the town had to backtrack under feminist pressure.
   
 
An insurance company in the UK has seriously suggested road lanes exclusively for female [[driving|drivers]].<ref>http://washingtonexaminer.com/article/2552130</ref>
  
An insurance company in the UK has seriously suggested road lanes exclusively for female [[driving|drivers]].<ref>http://washingtonexaminer.com/article/2552130</ref>
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As of February 2023 Seoul, South Korea is removing women-only parking spaces and converting them to gender neutral family parking spaces. They will be available to mothers and fathers while they are with infants and small children. Women's groups in South Korea have opposed this.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64659861</ref>
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=== Police Stations ===
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There are women-only police stations in Brazil, Argentina, Guatemala, Peru and India.<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-09/women-only-police-stations-a-way-to-target-domestic-violence/6292118</ref> Australian academics have been studying the Argentinian model with a view to the introduction of women-only police stations in Australia.<ref>https://blogs.qut.edu.au/crime-and-justice-research-centre/2019/05/07/media-womens-only-police-stations/</ref><ref>https://research.qut.edu.au/pgv/</ref><ref>https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-17/qld-woman-only-police-stations/1000135</ref>
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=== Private Clubs ===
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Many women-only private clubs thrive while men-only clubs are forced to open their doors to women. Notable examples include, but are not limited to:
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*[[Belizean Grove]]
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*[[The Colony Club]]
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*[[The Moreton Club]]
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*[[The Queen's Club]]
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*[[The Women's Club]]
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=== Public Spaces ===
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Some public spaces in Australia have women-only seating.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=131162602993806&set=a.129488129827920</ref> The image to the right shows such seating in Melbourne.
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=== Public Transportation ===
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[[Jessica Valenti]], a well known feminist blogger, has explicitly proposed gender segregation on public transport.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/07/gender-segregated-transport-women-men-behaving-badly</ref> Some countries are already doing this. There are women-only bus seats in Switzerland and India.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/AntiFeminismAustralia/photos/p.1585333115066548/1585333115066548/?type=1&theater</ref><ref>https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/women-can-take-the-chair-in-pmpml-buses/articleshow/71881135.cms</ref> There are women-only train carriages in Malaysia<ref>https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10204605520002658&set=gm.915818205141951&type=1&theater</ref>, Germany<ref>http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/03/26/german-railway-launches-gender-segregated-carriages-in-wake-of-sex-attacks/</ref> and other countries. There has even been a proposal for women-only seating sections on aircraft.<ref>https://www.foxnews.com/travel/journalist-suggests-women-only-plane-sections-to-combat-mid-air-assault</ref>
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Men are not permitted to travel on trains during certain hours in Chennai, India.<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/jan/11/restricting-men-from-trains-illogical-say-chennai-commuters-2248330.html</ref>
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=== Restaurants ===
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Women only restaurants are becoming common.<ref>http://thelibertarianrepublic.com/women-only-dining-is-there-a-double-standard/</ref>
  +
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=== Swimming Pools ===
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  +
The city of Hamilton New Zealand seriously considered banning men from a ''public'' swimming pool during certain times, creating women-only swimming sessions. <ref>http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/10004301/Man-ban-at-public-pool</ref>
  +
  +
McIver's Ladies Baths is an ocean pool owned by a local city council in Australia. The Baths are open to women and children only.<ref>https://www.mciversladiesbaths.com/</ref>
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  +
=== Taxis & Ride Sharing ===
   
 
New York City has a women-only taxi service.<ref>http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/11/12/sherides-taxi-service.html</ref> Although they have apparently had trouble finding sufficient female drivers. A similar service has been proposed for Melbourne, Australia<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/womenonly-pink-taxis-on-the-way-20131114-2xj2i.html</ref>, and is in use elsewhere.<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/melbournes-women-warm-to-female-only-taxi-proposal/story-e6frf7kx-1225789034601</ref>
  
New York City has a women-only taxi service.<ref>http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/11/12/sherides-taxi-service.html</ref> Although they have apparently had trouble finding sufficient female drivers. A similar service has been proposed for Melbourne, Australia<ref>http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/womenonly-pink-taxis-on-the-way-20131114-2xj2i.html</ref>, and is in use elsewhere.<ref>http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/melbournes-women-warm-to-female-only-taxi-proposal/story-e6frf7kx-1225789034601</ref>
   
  +
Women-only ride sharing service operate in several large Australian cities<ref>https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/shebah-3-million-equity-crowdfunding/</ref> and in US states such as California.<ref>https://trips4w.com/</ref>
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There are women-only police stations in Brazil, Argentina, Guatemala, Peru and India.<ref>http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-09/women-only-police-stations-a-way-to-target-domestic-violence/6292118</ref>
  
   
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=== Tower Blocks ===
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http://theweek.com/articles/759527/rise-womenonly-coworking-spaces
  
   
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The world's first women's only tower block is set to open in the UK.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/apr/28/plans-approved-for-britains-first-womens-only-tower-block</ref><ref>https://archive.is/TlxrD</ref>
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Some public spaces in Australia have women-only seating.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/AntiFeminismAustralia/photos/a.1516659345267259.1073741828.1516636858602841/1609066626026530/?type=1&fref=nf</ref>
  
   
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=== University Classes ===
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Sweden recently has a music concert that was <i>non-men</i> [www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/world/europe/sweden-statement-festival-women.html]
  
   
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US universities have female only education sessions.<ref>http://www.king5.com/story/news/local/seattle/2015/03/14/girls-learn-science-and-math/24776455/?fb_action_ids=10152897402564064&fb_action_types=og.comments&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map=%5B753232754792712%5D&action_type_map=%5B%22og.comments%22%5D&action_ref_map=%5B%5D</ref>
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This raises the interesting question about whether it was women who drove segregation in other societies. This would be interesting considering that gender segregation in non-western countries today is often claimed as principally disadvantaging women.
  
   
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=== Working Spaces ===
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Feminists assert that men dominate in conversations with women<ref>
  
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http://www.linguistik-online.de/1_00/KUNSMANN.HTM</ref> and interrupt women more than women interrupt men in conversation.<ref>http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/he-speaks-she-speaks/201307/the-gender-politics-turn-taking</ref> This notion is in dispute but if it is believed by women to be true then it may follow that women would prefer to talk to other women than men, which would further support the notion that women may naturally wish to increase gender segregation.
  
   
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The US has a growing number of female-only co-working spaces.<ref>http://theweek.com/articles/759527/rise-womenonly-coworking-spaces</ref><ref>https://archive.is/e3gy9</ref>
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It may be reasonable for a society to permit gender segregation, but it must be on just and equal terms. Thus a society should permit both men-only and women-only organisations only if they are available on equal terms. A society should allow both or it should allow neither. Currently women in the west continue to enjoy uninterrupted access to women-only spaces and organisations while men are today largely prohibited from having men-only spaces and organisations.
  
   
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== External Links ==
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== See Also ==
   
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*[[Gender segregation]]
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* [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11824962/Women-only-trains-and-transport-How-they-work-around-the-world.html Women only trains and transport. How they work around the world.]
  
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*[[Men's spaces]]
   
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== References ==
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== External Links ==
   
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*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/11824962/Women-only-trains-and-transport-How-they-work-around-the-world.html Women only trains and transport. How they work around the world.]
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<references>
  
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*[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/21/chariot-for-women-female-only-rideshare-uber Chariot for Women]
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*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agFZGuQrSVg Sandman on Women-only restaurants]
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*[https://thelogicalindian.com/news/bmtc-women-seat-fine Police in Bangalore, India to fine men who sit in seating reserved for women]
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*[https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/longform/a35646/women-only-spaces/ Elle Magazine advocating for women-only spaces]<ref>https://archive.ph/drEub</ref>
   
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{{Featured}}
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[[Category:Draft Articles]]
  
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{{Feminism}}
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{{Segregation}}
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{{Women Only}}
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== References ==

Latest revision as of 12:02, 27 March 2024

43ec827aee37aa8623fb2ad9143cffca.jpg

Women's spaces are areas or organisations which are reserved for the use of women. Until around 2015 men were rarely permitted access to women's spaces. Since the rise of the trans movement around that time trans women have been entering women's spaces with support from the government. As a result of the loss of men's spaces starting the 20th century, many men are unwilling to do anything to stop the loss of women's spaces in the 21st century.

Examples of Women's Spaces

Cemeteries

There is a Lesbian-only cemetery in Germany.[1]

Domestic Violence Shelters

Throughout the world, domestic violence shelters are nearly universally available only to women.

Gyms

Women-only gyms are common throughout the West and widely known about.[2]

Hotels

There are now many women-only hotel floors[3][4] and hotels.[5][6] This is a growing trend.[7]

This is one of the few examples where an equivalent exists for men. There are a few hotels around the world that advertise as men-only although it is unlikely that this is enforced in western nations. Some monasteries restrict room rentals to men.

Markets

A women-only market has recently opened in London.[8]

Music Concerts

In 2018 the Statement festival was held in Sweden. This event was only open to non-men.[9] The festival was found to be in violation of the country's discrimination laws.[10] It appears that the despite the ruling the festival went ahead as an environment admitting only non-men.

Nightclubs

The Lick club is a women-only event held at nightclubs around the UK.[11]

Parking Spaces & Roads

Australia, China, Kuwait, Malaysia, Indonesia, Austria, Italy, and South Korea now have women-only parking spaces in some areas.[12] [13] [14] This practice is even more widespread in Germany.[15][16] The town of Triberg in Germany created male-only and female-only parking spaces, allocating the more difficult parking spaces to men.[17] It is unclear if the town had to backtrack under feminist pressure.

An insurance company in the UK has seriously suggested road lanes exclusively for female drivers.[18]

As of February 2023 Seoul, South Korea is removing women-only parking spaces and converting them to gender neutral family parking spaces. They will be available to mothers and fathers while they are with infants and small children. Women's groups in South Korea have opposed this.[19]

Police Stations

There are women-only police stations in Brazil, Argentina, Guatemala, Peru and India.[20] Australian academics have been studying the Argentinian model with a view to the introduction of women-only police stations in Australia.[21][22][23]

Private Clubs

Many women-only private clubs thrive while men-only clubs are forced to open their doors to women. Notable examples include, but are not limited to:

Public Spaces

Some public spaces in Australia have women-only seating.[24] The image to the right shows such seating in Melbourne.

Public Transportation

Jessica Valenti, a well known feminist blogger, has explicitly proposed gender segregation on public transport.[25] Some countries are already doing this. There are women-only bus seats in Switzerland and India.[26][27] There are women-only train carriages in Malaysia[28], Germany[29] and other countries. There has even been a proposal for women-only seating sections on aircraft.[30]

Men are not permitted to travel on trains during certain hours in Chennai, India.[31]

Restaurants

Women only restaurants are becoming common.[32]

Swimming Pools

The city of Hamilton New Zealand seriously considered banning men from a public swimming pool during certain times, creating women-only swimming sessions. [33]

McIver's Ladies Baths is an ocean pool owned by a local city council in Australia. The Baths are open to women and children only.[34]

Taxis & Ride Sharing

New York City has a women-only taxi service.[35] Although they have apparently had trouble finding sufficient female drivers. A similar service has been proposed for Melbourne, Australia[36], and is in use elsewhere.[37]

Women-only ride sharing service operate in several large Australian cities[38] and in US states such as California.[39]

Tower Blocks

The world's first women's only tower block is set to open in the UK.[40][41]

University Classes

US universities have female only education sessions.[42]

Working Spaces

The US has a growing number of female-only co-working spaces.[43][44]

See Also

External Links

References

  1. ↑ http://www.theage.com.au/world/germany-opens-lesbianonly-cemetery-20140407-zqrlp.html
  2. ↑ http://fitnessmarketing.com/2011/04/are-women-only-gyms-guilty-of-discrimination/
  3. ↑ http://www.bcbusiness.ca/marketing-media/vancouvers-women-only-hotel-floor
  4. ↑ http://www.cpmsp.com/hotel-for-women.php
  5. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/som-dona-hotel-mallorca-women-only-hotel-misogyny-sexism-a9124431.html
  6. ↑ https://www.asiaone.com/lifestyle/7-women-only-hotels-your-next-vacation
  7. ↑ http://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/amadeus-it-pacific-reports-female-only-floors-needed-in-hotels/story-e6frfq80-1226595825229
  8. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-50426904
  9. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/01/world/europe/sweden-statement-festival-women.html
  10. ↑ https://gosocial.co/swedens-first-no-men-allowed-festival-found-guilty-of-discrimination
  11. ↑ https://www.femalista.com/no-men-allowed-club-night-is-opening-in-the-uk-and-women-love-it/
  12. ↑ http://www.news.com.au/national/western-australia/perth-carpark-trials-female-friendly-parking-zones/news-story/e8e1d21668ed056ce92f75f5aba43e74
  13. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2636430/South-Korea-introduces-women-parking-spaces-longer-wider.html
  14. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JRtOqzOm4Iw
  15. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3180400/Ladies-parking-spaces-introduced-Frankfurt-airport-bigger-nicer-close-terminals-spark-sexism-row-Germany.html
  16. ↑ http://www.thelocal.de/20150730/women-only-parking-spaces-sensible-or-sexist
  17. ↑ https://autos.yahoo.com/blogs/motoramic/men-more-difficult-parking-spots-women-under-mayor-17465310
  18. ↑ http://washingtonexaminer.com/article/2552130
  19. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64659861
  20. ↑ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-09/women-only-police-stations-a-way-to-target-domestic-violence/6292118
  21. ↑ https://blogs.qut.edu.au/crime-and-justice-research-centre/2019/05/07/media-womens-only-police-stations/
  22. ↑ https://research.qut.edu.au/pgv/
  23. ↑ https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-17/qld-woman-only-police-stations/1000135
  24. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=131162602993806&set=a.129488129827920
  25. ↑ http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/07/gender-segregated-transport-women-men-behaving-badly
  26. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/AntiFeminismAustralia/photos/p.1585333115066548/1585333115066548/?type=1&theater
  27. ↑ https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/women-can-take-the-chair-in-pmpml-buses/articleshow/71881135.cms
  28. ↑ https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10204605520002658&set=gm.915818205141951&type=1&theater
  29. ↑ http://www.breitbart.com/london/2016/03/26/german-railway-launches-gender-segregated-carriages-in-wake-of-sex-attacks/
  30. ↑ https://www.foxnews.com/travel/journalist-suggests-women-only-plane-sections-to-combat-mid-air-assault
  31. ↑ https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2021/jan/11/restricting-men-from-trains-illogical-say-chennai-commuters-2248330.html
  32. ↑ http://thelibertarianrepublic.com/women-only-dining-is-there-a-double-standard/
  33. ↑ http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/10004301/Man-ban-at-public-pool
  34. ↑ https://www.mciversladiesbaths.com/
  35. ↑ http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/11/12/sherides-taxi-service.html
  36. ↑ http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/womenonly-pink-taxis-on-the-way-20131114-2xj2i.html
  37. ↑ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/melbournes-women-warm-to-female-only-taxi-proposal/story-e6frf7kx-1225789034601
  38. ↑ https://www.smartcompany.com.au/startupsmart/news/shebah-3-million-equity-crowdfunding/
  39. ↑ https://trips4w.com/
  40. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/apr/28/plans-approved-for-britains-first-womens-only-tower-block
  41. ↑ https://archive.is/TlxrD
  42. ↑ http://www.king5.com/story/news/local/seattle/2015/03/14/girls-learn-science-and-math/24776455/?fb_action_ids=10152897402564064&fb_action_types=og.comments&fb_source=other_multiline&action_object_map=%5B753232754792712%5D&action_type_map=%5B%22og.comments%22%5D&action_ref_map=%5B%5D
  43. ↑ http://theweek.com/articles/759527/rise-womenonly-coworking-spaces
  44. ↑ https://archive.is/e3gy9
  45. ↑ https://archive.ph/drEub
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