Robert Brockway at 02:37, 12 December 2022

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	==Differentiation==		==Differentiation==
	Realistic estrangement is a different phenomenon from "pathological alienation". The former is an understandable refusal by a child to see an [[child abuse\|abusive]] parent, while the latter is emotionally harmful and unjustified.<ref name = Bala2007/>		Realistic estrangement is a different phenomenon from "pathological alienation". The former is an understandable refusal by a child to see an [[child abuse\|abusive]] parent, while the latter is emotionally harmful and unjustified.<ref name = Bala2007/>

			== External Links ==

			*[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/325262 Court in Israel cancels child support due to parental alienation]

	==References==		==References==

Robert Brockway at 19:09, 22 August 2020

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	==References==		==References==

	[[Category:~~Featured~~ Articles]]		[[Category: Draft Articles]]

Robert Brockway at 06:38, 25 April 2019

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	==References==		==References==

			[[Category:Featured Articles]]

Robert Brockway: Created page with "'''Parental alienation''' is a social dynamic, generally occurring due to divorce or separation, when a child e..."

2019-04-12T07:35:35Z

Created page with "'''Parental alienation''' is a social dynamic, generally occurring due to divorce or separation, when a child e..."

New page

'''Parental alienation''' is a social dynamic, generally occurring due to [[Divorce in the United States|divorce]] or [[wikipedia:legal separation|separation]], when a child expresses unjustified hatred or unreasonably strong dislike of one parent, making access by the rejected parent difficult or impossible.<ref>Warshak, R. A. (2003). [http://%20http://www.warshak.com/store/cr27.html Bringing Sense to Parental Alienation: A Look at the Disputes and the Evidence.] ''Family Law Quarterly, 37'', 273-301. </ref> These feelings may be influenced by negative comments by the other parent and by the characteristics, such as lack of empathy and warmth, of the rejected parent.<ref>Warshak, R. A. (2010). [http://www.warshak.com/divorce-poison/index.html ''Divorce Poison: How to Protect Your Family from Bad-mouthing and Brainwashing'']. New York: Harper Collins.</ref> The term does not apply in cases of actual [[child abuse]], when the child rejects the abusing parent to protect themselves.<ref>Warshak, R. A. (2002). [http://www.warshak.com/store/cr24.html Misdiagnosis of Parental Alienation Syndrome.] ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 20'', 31-52.</ref> Parental alienation is controversial in legal and mental health professions, both generally and in specific situations.<ref> Warshak, R. A. (2001). Current Controversies Regarding Parental Alienation Syndrome. ''American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 19'', 29-59.</ref><ref name = Bala2007>{{cite journal | last = Bala | first = N | coauthors = Fidler B; Goldberg D; Houston C | year = 2007 | journal = Queens Law Journal | volume = 33 | title = Alienated Children and Parental Separation: Legal Responses from Canada's Family Courts | pages = 79–138 | url = http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/queen33&div=7&id=&page=}}</ref> Terms related to parental alienation include child alienation, pathological alignments, visitation refusal, pathological alienation,<ref>Warshak, R. A. (2003). Bringing Sense to Parental Alienation: A Look at the Disputes and the Evidence. ''Family Law Quarterly, 37'', 273-301.</ref> the toxic parent and [[wikipedia:parental alienation syndrome|parental alienation syndrome]]<ref name = Bernet2008/> though the last term is a specific formulation of a medical [[wikipedia:syndrome|syndrome]] proposed by psychiatrist [[wikipedia:Richard A. Gardner|Richard Gardner]] that is not well accepted.<ref name = Bow2009/>

==Overview==
First described in 1976 as "pathological alignment", the dynamic refers to a situation in which a child unreasonably rejects a non-custodial parent.<ref name = Bow2009/> [[wikipedia:Richard A. Gardner|Richard A. Gardner]] proposed [[wikipedia:parental alienation syndrome|parental alienation syndrome]] in the 1980s based on his clinical experience with the children of divorcing parents. Since that time, other researchers have suggested focusing less on diagnosing a syndrome and more on what has been described as the "alienated child", and the dynamics of the situation that have contributed to the alienation.<ref name=Bala2007/><ref name=Jaffe2002>{{cite book |last=Jaffe |first=PG |coauthors=Lemon NKD; Poisson SE |title=Child Custody & Domestic Violence |publisher=[[wikipedia:SAGE Publications|SAGE Publications]] |year=2002 |pages=[http://books.google.ca/books?id=bbZmp7ALOq4C&pg=PA52 52–54] |isbn=978-0-7619-1826-4}}</ref> In this view, alienation is seen as a breakdown of [[wikipedia:attachment (psychology)|attachment]] between parent and child, and may be caused by multiple factors. The behaviors of all family members, including those of the alienated parent, may lead to the family dysfunction and rejection of a parent.<ref name= Ackerman2001>{{cite book |author=Ackerman MJ |title=Clinician's guide to child custody evaluations |publisher=[[wikipedia:John Wiley & Sons|John Wiley & Sons]] |location=New York |year=2001 |pages=[http://books.google.ca/books?id=q9E_rg94Cs4C&pg=PA73 73–82] |isbn=0-471-39260-X}}</ref><ref name=Waldron1996>{{cite journal |last=Waldron |first=KH |coauthors=Joanis DE |url= http://fact.on.ca/Info/pas/waldron.htm |title=Understanding and Collaboratively Treating Parental Alienation Syndrome |journal=American Journal of Family Law |volume=10 |pages= 121–133 |year=1996}}</ref> The evaluation of all contributing factors and all possible remedies are recommended in evaluating cases where children have estranged from a parent.<ref name=Bala2007/><ref name=Sparta2006>{{cite book |last=Sparta |first=SN |coauthors=Koocher GP |title=Forensic Mental Health Assessment of Children and Adolescents |publisher=[[wikipedia:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]] |year=2006 |pages=[http://books.google.ca/books?id=6bmBtQ2Zl-IC&pg=PA83 83], [http://books.google.ca/books?id=6bmBtQ2Zl-IC&pg=PA219 219–221] |isbn=978-0-19-514584-7}}</ref>

==Syndrome Vs single aetiology==
Parental alienation lacks a single definition and its existence, [[wikipedia:etiology|etiology]], characteristics and in particular the description of the term as a [[wikipedia:syndrome|syndrome]] has been subject to still-unresolved debate. Some formulations of the concept have emphasized the role of an alienating parent, termed variously the "programming" parent and "embittered-chaotic parent".<ref name = Bow2009/>

More recent descriptions, influenced the research of Kelly and Johnston, have proposed a more complex analysis, in which all family members may play a role. This "systems-based" view acknowledges that a child may be alienated from one parent without "alienating" behaviour by the other parent.<ref name = Bala2007/><ref name = Bow2009/>

Based on an empirical study, it also suggests that alienating behaviours by both parents is the norm in high-conflict divorces. Rejected parents, generally fathers, tend to lack warmth and empathy with the child, engage in rigid parenting and critical attitudes, and are passive, depressed, anxious and withdrawn - characteristics which may encourage rejection. The parent that the child aligns with - the aligned parent - may engage in alienating behaviours, by undermining the other parent: these behaviours may be conscious and deliberate or alternatively may reflect a lack of awareness on the effect of their actions on their children.

Direct alienating behaviours occur when one parent actively undermines the other parent, such as making derogatory remarks about the other parent or telling the child that the other parent is responsible for the separation or the cause of financial difficulties. Indirect alienation behaviours occur when one parent fails to support access or contact with the other parent, or tacitly accepts the child's negative behaviour and comments towards the other parent.<ref name = Bala2007/><ref name = Bow2009/>

Most of the [[wikipedia:peer review|peer reviewed]] publications on the subject have been in the form of descriptions and definitions. Some [[wikipedia:empirical research|empirical research]] has been done, though the quality of the studies vary widely and the research in the area is still underdeveloped.<ref>Hands, A. J. & Warshak, R. A. (2011). Parental Alienation Among College Students. ''The American Journal of Family Therapy, 39'', 431-443.</ref> Despite the concept being poorly-defined and conclusions premature, the beliefs of [[wikipedia:judge|judge]]s, [[wikipedia:lawyer|lawyer]]s and [[wikipedia:mental health|mental health]] professionals have been cited extensively in peer reviewed literature.<ref name = Bow2009>{{cite journal | last = Bow | first = JN | coauthors = Gould JW; Flens JR | year = 2009 | title = Examining Parental Alienation in Child Custody Cases: A Survey of Mental Health and Legal Professionals | journal = The American Journal of Family Therapy | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–145 | doi = 10.1080/01926180801960658 }}</ref>

==Professional acceptance==
A survey of mental health and legal professionals indicated that there is moderate support for the existence of parental alienation, but reluctance to accept the concept of parental alienation syndrome.<ref name = Bow2009/> William Bernet has argued for the inclusion of "parental alienation disorder", a diagnosis related to parental alienation, in the fifth version of the [[wikipedia:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]], to be released in 2013. His conception makes reference to parental alienation syndrome and a variety of other descriptions of behaviours he believes represent the underlying concept of parental alienation disorder.<ref name=Bernet2008>{{cite journal | last=Bernet | first=W| title= Parental Alienation Disorder and DSM-V | journal = The American Journal of Family Therapy | volume = 36 | issue = 5 | year = 2008 | pages = 349–366 | doi = 10.1080/01926180802405513 | url = }}</ref> Despite lobbying by proponents,<ref name="Rotstein2010">{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10046/1036018-114.stm|title=Mental health professionals getting update on definitions|last=Rotstein|first=Gary|date=February 15, 2010 |work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |accessdate=2010-03-02 }}</ref> in December 2012, the American Psychiatric Association announced that parental alienation syndrome would not be included in the DSM-5 revision.<ref>{{cite web|title=American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees Approves DSM-5-Diagnostic manual passes major milestone before May 2013 publication|url=http://dsmfacts.org/materials/american-psychiatric-association-board-of-trustees-approves-dsm-5/|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|date=1 December 2012}}</ref>

==Differentiation==
Realistic estrangement is a different phenomenon from "pathological alienation". The former is an understandable refusal by a child to see an [[child abuse|abusive]] parent, while the latter is emotionally harmful and unjustified.<ref name = Bala2007/>

==References==

Parental alienation - Revision history

Robert Brockway at 02:37, 12 December 2022

Robert Brockway at 19:09, 22 August 2020

Robert Brockway at 06:38, 25 April 2019

Robert Brockway: Created page with "'''Parental alienation''' is a social dynamic, generally occurring due to divorce or separation, when a child e..."